God Hates Divorce Essay Example for Free

God Hates Divorce Essay At the point when Adam was separated from everyone else The LORD God stated, It isn't useful for the man to be distant from everyone else. I will make an assistant appropriate for him .Gen.2:18. Under marriage agreement man and lady meet up to fill a celestial need and a job. Man can fill this need and job just on the off chance that they are joined together and hitched. The second they get separated from the solidarity is crushed and they neglect to fill the awesome need and job that God needs them to satisfy while they are hitched and joined together. God provided an order to the main couple in the Garden of Eden to be productive. This order of God just a couple can do and the second they get separated from they neglect to do this awesome order and we need to remember that this order was given to men before their fall and considerably after the fall men will undoubtedly keep this order. This gives us how significant is this order and why God despises separate to such an extent. The inability to keep the primary order influenced the entire human race for age after ages, the inability to keep this subsequent order will likewise influence humankind age after ages and even it will make the humankind stop be in presence. This is another motivation behind why God abhors separate to such an extent. At the point when men get separated from they overlook their first love. Marriage is an adoration relationship. At the point when man is irate he can't settle on a correct choice. A furious head can't assess the relationship that was made by a caring heart. Outrage makes a man visually impaired and drives him to the unlimited pit and that is separate. Separation is the most exceedingly awful hellfire in this world, the second anybody falls into it he will be isolated from his companion, kids, loved ones and from God. This is the darkest pit that will give no leniency and grace to its casualties. Life will be good for nothing and useless. You will be an animal without expectation and future. A desolate man can't prevail with regards to anything; he is vain and pointless to God and to society. All the sweet recollections transform into harshness. At that point it gets simpler for that individual to get into an ever increasing number of sins as there is nobody to give him his flaw and offer record to for all an inappropriate doings. Separation influences our relationship with God, our relationship with each other, our relationship with the kids and our relationship with the general public. God can't utilize a separation individual to mirror His greatness and to demonstrate His picture to His kin. That individual transforms into an instrument of demon. There are such a large number of purposes behind all insightful and all realizing God to detest separate. God with His endless astuteness can see the boundless peril that lies in separate. Man can't see the interminable threat that lies in separate from that is the reason man can take this choice of separation absent much by way of reasoning and contemplations. God in His boundless astuteness and information gives us the individual that will be best appropriate for us. We take it conceded that reasonable methods agreeable. Something could be entirely reasonable for us and yet it could be excruciating and awkward. The companion you have is consistently reasonable for you since God gave you this life partner. God assumed this liability from the earliest starting point to give us reasonable life partner. The companion we have is the best instructor for us given by God in our life to show us something that nobody can instruct and to make us helpful for God and for man. It takes a ton of torment, persistence, lowliness and enduring to learn through our life partners to be progressively similar to Jesus Christ and God. Each time my significant other blows up with me or sins against me I ask God what exercise do you need to show me today. Each time I can see that God has something to show me through her displeasure. She does likewise yet I adapt such a significant number of various exercises, toward the starting I get injured then I cheer when I can perceive what God needs to instruct me today through her outrage. At that point I feel exceptionally upset for her since she took so much agony and enduring to show me a thing or two that no one could instruct me. At that point I started to thank and adulate God for her. We have to perceive what God needs us to see and to comprehend what God needs us to comprehend. God in His power permits us to experience all the unpleasant and difficult encounters to make us progressively like Jesus and to attract us closer to Him and to show us how God feels when we sin against Him. We have to figure out how to bow down to the power of God and to stop bow down to sin or to surrender to sin. God loathes the transgression of separation since He doesn't care for partition or division. Separation is the most exceedingly terrible lack of appreciation towards Gods most prominent blessing and gift in our life. The second we quit offering gratitude and gestures of recognition to God for our life partners we are en route to be lack of appreciation for the blessing that God by His benevolence and consideration gave us. Our Lord Jesus endured and kicked the bucket on the cross and decided to be isolated from God to keep us joined with each other and with God. Our Lord Jesus decided to endure and pass on to keep us joined together and one. So we should decide to endure and bite the dust to stay joined together, one and wedded for our God and Lord Jesus Christ.

(Critical Analysis) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

(Basic Analysis) - Essay Example She goes to the degree of plundering to guarantee that her wiped out sibling gets every day medication for his endurance. The film gives some strict organizations, for example, church, and they way they help enduring neighbors and individuals. Great neighbors, as Madea and Pastor Brian, assume the liability of dealing with these small kids by giving them food and guaranteeing they discover their family members around. One of the family members is the lady named April, who is the children’s aunt. She is a dance club artist and a liquor fanatic living with a wedded man who has fled from the duty of dealing with his family. Toward the finish of the film, she changes from her past way of life into an adoring and caring aunt and later gets hitched to Sandino; an outsider who she obliged in her storm cellar. As indicated by IMBd site, the film, cast on-screen characters and entertainer have been selected and won a few honors. A portion of the honors incorporate Bet Awards, Black Ree l Awards and Image Awards in 2010. For instance, in 2010, Adams Rodriguez (Sandino in the film) won the Image Awards under â€Å"the Outstanding Character in a Motion Picture.† The film can be ordered into three hypotheses of correspondence to be specific incorporation, requirement for control and requirement for warmth. The hypothesis of consideration applies in this film where Sandino a moderately aged settler looking for work and a spot to settle in an outside nation approaches church pioneers for help. The congregation head demands April to suit him, she permits her to remain in the cellar. Sandino fits well in this hypothesis as he looks to be preferred and cherished by Jennifer and her younger siblings. He goes to the degree of getting them the syringes and medication for Jennifer’s more youthful sibling. Jennifer asks why he is concerned and acceptable to them; as per her the world is out of line and presents an extreme face to all the individuals in it. Sandino battles to be adored by all; April included, as he fixes one of the rooms and guarantees that everything is set up for the solace of the youthful ones. Toward the end, he comes out to shield Jennifer as he was about of be assaulted by April’s sweetheart. Sandino makes April to change her past conduct of abusing her niece and nephews and dependence on liquor. Sandino winds up to be adored by all in April’s family and church individuals, who wind up sorting out a pleasant wedding among him and April. The hypothesis of requirement for control is likewise found in this film. One of the interesting characters in this film is Madea, who is firm, in charge and needs to be perceived as one accountable for the exercises going on in her home and that of anybody she interacts with. The film presents Madea from on set. She awakens after Jennifer and her siblings attempt to plunder her home. She immovably upsets her husband’s rest, she give her capacity of control when she welcomes Jennifer and her siblings to have a dinner with them. She needs them to allude to her as ‘madam’ at whatever point they answer her inquiries. She shows the control in her by driving the youngsters to April’s house. She arranges one of them to thump the entryway as boisterous as possible until April awakens. Madea orders April to take her niece and nephews, which she acknowledges moving forward without any more contention. In spite of the fact that Madea might be viewed as controlling oddity, Jennifer goes to her to make sense of how to ask. Despite the fact that she didn't comprehend the Biblical stories, she consented to instruct Jennifer. She expanded her liberality by exhorting her how she could deal with all her

Industry vs. Inferiority in Psychosocial Development

Industry vs. Inferiority in Psychosocial Development “Children love and want to be loved and they very much prefer the joy of accomplishment to the triumph of hateful failure. Do not mistake a child for his symptom. “ Erik EriksonCrisis is a word that we mention quite often and in most various contexts most frequently related to the economy and society as a whole, in this text, however, we will examine the aspect concerning the general psychological and emotional condition of a person.People of all ages are susceptible to psychological crises of their kind, and we most often hear that young people, and especially adolescents, are going through something that we define as an identity crisis.Is there a person i the world who has never experienced some sort of a psychological crisis?For those who believe that they had not been through such a crisis, we are sincerely sorry to say that they are delusional. A famous psychoanalyst Erik Erikson claims that crisis precedes development, or, in other words, without the crisis, there is no d evelopment.Before we start the in-depth examination of the main subject of this text, and that is the fourth developmental stage in Eriksons theory of psychosocial development Industry vs. Inferiority, let us first say a little about Erikson himself and his theory as a whole.ERIK ERIKSON AND THE THEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTErik Homburger Erikson (1902-1994) was an American (born in Germany to the Danish parents) psychologist and psychoanalyst with his study dedicated to the psychosocial development of a person.He is famous for his all-encompassing developmental theory with the notion of crisis taking a central place.Although he was a psychoanalyst and influenced by Sigmund Freud and his work, Eriksons theory differs from Freuds in these points:personal development lasts a lifetime, it does not end when people are five, or thirty-five, or laterthe emphasis is on the psychosocial rather than psychosexual developmentthe development is not influenced by not only family relationsh ips, but by interactions in a broader social and cultural environment (e.g. schools or neighbors)In fact, in each stage of the psychosocial development, according to Erikson, there is a specific relationship between a person and their socio-cultural environment.This relationship leads to a psychosocial crisis.The way we solve and deal with the crisis determines further development.WHAT IS IDENTITY?Psychologically speaking, identity is the experience of continuity and the sameness of the meaning of our self during a longer period of time regardless of the changes that come as consequences of different circumstances in various stages of our life.This experience is only partly conscious.When we are satisfied with ourselves and the reactions we get from people, if we are content with our lifes purpose, we do not actively think about our identity.On the other hand, if we happen to become occupied by thinking about who we are, what do we strive for, what is important to us, whether we are good or bad those are clear-cut signs that we are confused i.e. that we are going through an identity crisis.Identity, although implying continuity and stability, is not unchangeable and static but it develops with age, life experience, and socio-historical circumstances.Erikson based his theory on two sources:researches that are done on the American war veterans (loss of identity, they do not know who they are, changed understanding of oneself, feeling insecure)researching identity confusions in young people (especially adolescent delinquents who had issues with defining who they are and where they are going)Researching those abnormal situations, Erikson came to discovering normal developmental crisis.This normal developmental crisis is temporary but can lead to serious troubles in forming a persons identity.Searching for your own identity is often difficult and uncertain way (not always, though), filled with wandering and experimenting with various roles.What is important is that crisis by itself is not inherently unhealthy.On the contrary, it can set up a solid ground for successful and healthy personal development.It often leads to a higher degree of psychosocial integration and stage of maturity.Each new developmental stage poses a challenge and potential crisis because it gives new possibilities to change the perspective of life.In this case, a crisis is defined as a positive crisis. Negative crisis, on the other hand, may lead to social isolation or permanent negative behavioral changes.To achieve a positive outcome in development we need to successfully solve the identity crisis.The goal is for a person to surface form this as a self-confident, self-aware personality with a strong sense of identity.This is specifically important for the period of early childhood because it is then when the grounds are set for a successful development in adulthood.Erikson presented his Theory of Psychosocial Development in eight stages:Stage one Trust vs. Mistrust It is characteristic for the very first year of our lives the infancy (0 18 months) and it presents feelings of security and faith in adults. This is in accordance with Freuds oral phase and with researches by Harlow and Bowlby about the importance of forming an adequate emotional attachment of a child to their mother in this first year of life which has an enormous effect on the childs later social and affective behavior. This is the ground on which the identity is formed. The crucial relationship that makes the important impact is with ones mother or guardian, and timely responsiveness to the childs needs to develop trust towards the surrounding world.Stage two Anatomy vs. Shame and Doubt This stage takes place around the second and third year of a childs life (Freuds anal stage). Here, both parents encourage the childs activity and behavioral autonomy, and, on the other hand, they impose some restrictions. This is the period where a child is taught self-control which is the mai n developmental task along with the development of movement, speech, and imagination. On both sides of the spectrum, there is a bad outcome if the crisis is not successfully solved: impulsivity as a product of too much autonomy or compulsiveness as a product of too much shame and doubt. A positive outcome of the crisis solution leads to the childs self-control, creating the free will that relies on their strength, and self-confidence.Stage three Initiative vs. Guilt It happens in the period between the years of 3 and 6 and is relevant to Freuds phallus stage. The crisis deals with the development of morality. It is characterized by rivalry towards the parent of the same sex. Successfully solving this crisis leads to the development of conscience and the respect of authority. Maladaptations lead to on the one hand-inconsideration (comes as a product of too much initiative), and on the other, inhibition in behavior caused by too much guilt.Stage four Industry vs. Inferiority Corre sponding to Freuds latency period, this stage is characteristic for the ages of 6 to twelve. In this stage, a child starts going to school and relationship with teachers and their peers become the most important relationship in the childs life. Academic success becomes more important, and it develops a sense of competence if it is properly encouraged. If the crisis is not properly solved, we get children, and later, adults who are not able to assert themselves socially. (We will go into a more in-depth analysis of this stage later in the text).Stage five Identity vs. Role Confusion This crises marks the period from the ages of 12 to 18 where a person is no longer a child but is still not an adult. It is characterized by questions Who am I? and Who do I want to be?” Successfully solving this crisis leads to these young people who have a strong sense of identity, if they are allowed to experiment to some extent. Too much experimentation or too many restrictions lead to maladaptati ons. Parents and peers now have the biggest role.Stage six Intimacy vs. Isolation Characteristic for young adults (18-40). The developmental task of this stage is forming close and steady relationships with other people outside our families. If the crisis is not properly solved i.e. a person does not manage to form healthy relationships with others, feelings of solitude and loneliness or narcissism may come as a consequence. People are afraid to of intimacy wrongly seeing it as a factor that threatens personal autonomy. Healthy crisis resolution in this stage leads to forming happy, satisfying relationships.Stage seven Generativity vs. Stagnation This stage occupies peoples development from 40 to 65 years of age. The tasks of this developmental stage are concentrated towards home management, career, and family. We tend to start contributing to society and want to prepare the next generation. If the conflicts brought up by this crisis we feel happy. On the other hand, the feeling of stagnation may occur. The main task, however, is taking care of what was lovingly created, and overcoming ambivalence of unchangeability of the duties as they are needed for continuity and progress of a society.Stage eight Integrity vs. Despair Characteristic for people over 65 years of age. The main developmental task is facing the old age and approaching the end of ones life. A person at this stage has to find the purpose of the old age, finding hobbies, redefining the role one has in society. People recapitulate and asses their lives, and measuring the level of control in life. Successfully solving this crisis leads to wisdom. In the case where the previous developmental crises are not successfully solved, then it is unlikely that a person reaches integrity, wisdom, and the purpose of living. The outcome of negative solutions leads to the feeling of lifes uselessness, hopelessness, and despair in front of incoming death. The critics have pointed out that Erikson did not exp lain how unsuccessful solving of one stages crisis affect the solution of the next one.The theory is largely descriptive in this sense, but it offers us tools to figure out how we should behave.We think that the key concept here is a balance, which is probably the most difficult to achieve.Extremes, in any case, lead to maladaptations and essentially, potentially unhappy individuals later in life. Source: chelseacarson.wordpress.com  STAGE FOUR â€" INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY“The richest and fullest lives attempt to achieve an inner balance between three realms: work, love, and play.”   Erik EriksonSo we have already said that, according to Erikson, a persons psychosocial development is a lifelong process.In this section, we will focus on the fourth stage in development and that is Industry vs. Inferiority.So what is it that happens in this stage? What can be the outcome of a balanced approach and what happens if a child is exposed to extreme crisis solutions?What can we, as parents and teachers do to help the children solve this crisis successfully and help them on the road to becoming a happy and successful individual with a strong sense of identity and trust in their capabilities?A child reaches this stage of development right about when they start getting out their family home and going to school, so around 6-12 years of age.The main relationship now aside from the relati onship with the parents becomes the relationship with other people. Most importantly with teachers and peers from school.Their social surrounding expands and they need to learn how to function and assert themselves in this new environment.The appraisal of others becomes crucial for their healthy psychosocial development.The main questions that occupy a child at this age are: What am I good at?, How can I be good at what I do?RELATIONSHIP WITH PEERSChildrens raising competency (they are capable of completely autonomous movement, they are able to communicate everything, they know their needs and start asserting themselves in the outside world) makes them want to compete.They start to compare themselves to their friends (classmates, neighbors, even siblings) in terms of how well they can perform a certain task.Even playing for fun becomes a type of competition (e.g. my sandcastle is bigger/better/prettier than yours).In this process of comparing themselves to others, children may take pride in their abilities.They have achieved something on their own, and as a plus, it better, ore more favored than something that other children did. This creates a feeling of competence and belief in ones abilities.On the other hand, if a child notices that their abilities are not as developed or not as favored so that can lead to feelings of inertia and inadequacy in the social situations i.e. the children does not believe in their abilities.Imagine this. A child has spent his entire childhood watching basketball at home, as dad was a basketball player in his youth.He goes to school with the idea that he will be a great basketball player, but as it turns out, there are many children in the team that are more talented than he is- they are more agile or score more points.The child then starts to doubt his abilities and wants to quit, or avoids going to practice.The same goes for a student with high ability to have great academic skills, but he fails to live up to the class standard s of a good grade on one occasion e.g. does not know how to solve a mathematics problem.Even if it happens just that one time, the feeling of inferiority (in life, workplace, relationships, etc.) and doubting his ability can cause him to transfer that feeling to other aspects of his life even years later, in adulthood if it is not properly handled.If the situations are handled in a way that allows children to make mistakes, lets them know that sometimes it is okay, and if they are afterward encouraged to get better and progress, then this crisis that was encountered leads to the development of confidence in the ability to overcome difficulty with a little more work.On the other hand, if the situation and the struggle are either overlooked, or the child is not provided with proper and adequate encouragement, this leads to feelings of inferiority, incapability, and inertia, later in life.Even adults remember the discouraging feeling and wishing to avoid doing something that they thoug ht they were bad at.People want to be good at the things they do, and wan to do the things they are good at, so why would it be different for the children?These examples bring us to the question of who should be the one who is providing the necessary encouragement and support and to which extent.In both situations, those are parents or teachers, or parents and teachers working together to reach better results.1. What can teachers do?With students who are already struggling with some aspect of academic performance, a teacher should provide assistance and encouragement.Feedback is necessary, so even if you, as a teacher, decide to criticize a students work because it really is not on the desired level, you should not decide to stick only with the critic and let the student go about solving this issue by himself.Try to give them pointers on how to improve, give them an easier task to perform and work up to that which causes them to fail.And in the case where the student is not able to perform on the desired level, praise them for their effort.Down the line, the appraisal will help them feel accomplished, and they will not give up causing their abilities to go even lower than they otherwise would.Help students set realistic expectations; do not give them something that is too difficult for them that may cause self-doubt.To help them feel useful, make them do things that are not purely academic.For example, water the classroom plants, clean the whiteboard, and help distribute worksheets, and so on.Just make sure that you do not favor certain students, they should all get the chance to do some of these things. 2. What can parents do?Remember how you felt when you were between the ages of six and twelve.You have probably already developed the feeling of things in which you were good at and in which you were not good at. Your child starts to develop those same feelings.What your job as a parent is, is to praise the efforts, and attempts made by your children.If you no tice that they are good at something-tell them, encourage them to do what they are good at.On the other hand, if they are not good at something what should you do? Should you make them persevere in any case?If they only need a little bit more work to succeed than, definitely- give them space to improve, otherwise, making them stick to something they are not good may have the effect of low self-esteem later in life.What should you do in that case? Aside from providing constructive criticism, affirm them for something they are good at, or offer them something else they might try.Remember the little boy who wanted to play basketball like his dad and was not as talented as others?Instead of making him go to practice, maybe support his singing, or musicality by allowing and encouraging him to take up an instrument.Contrary to the lack of encouragement that causes inferiority and self-doubt, there is a problem of overpraising.This can lead to arrogance (Im the best because my mum told me so!) or even one-sided competence in only one thing (a pianist with no other skills besides playing piano exceptionally well).Also, a parent should not use the childs age to justify them being unsuccessful.When the activities are appropriated to the age, letting them slack off and praising them where there is no need for it causes them to become latent, and lazy. Another thing that parents need to pay attention to is to provide their children with unconditional love regardless of their successes and failures.Children who equate success with love feel unloved each time they fail at something, even in adulthood.FINAL WORDAlthough Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial development does not fully offer the solutions of the crises and how they can be remedied if a miss has been made, it offers us great insight into how the development works.The Industry vs. Inferiority stage is as important as any previous stage, especially since it draws the child out into self-exploration and makes him relate to other people.The key to successfully passing through this stage of psychosocial development is the balance between appraisal and critic, and even the level of appraisal for the things the child is good at.If the crisis is managed properly, as a teacher or a parent, you will witness a formation of a healthy young person who is capable of making their own decisions and does that according to their abilities.

Managing a business during a Financial Crisis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3421 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? According to business dictionary, financial crisis is a condition in which the money supply is exceeded or more than the money demand. As a result, liquidity in the market is becoming lesser. In other words, the availability of the money in the market becomes lesser. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Managing a business during a Financial Crisis" essay for you Create order The available money is withdrawn from banks. Eventually, there are only two ways for bank to handle this problem. Banks either can sell other investments to make up for the shortfall or to collapse as unable to withstand with the crisis. In addition, the financial crisis in year 2007 up to the present is a crisis which caused by a liquidity shortfall in the United States banking system. The financial crisis brings a severe effect to community and banking industry. From the perspective of financial market, it has resulted in the collapse or been bought out of large financial institutions including banking institutions, index in the world stock market had fallen, and the effort of bailout financial systems of Wall Street titans by national governments. The entire financial system is affected by financial crisis. From the perspective of community, the financial crisis has impacts on almost every corner in the world and also every one of us who is living on this earth. The financial crisis has brought to the failure of key businesses, consumer wealth also decreases as the value of money is depreciated, influences the growth of the economy as inactive in economic activity. Eventually, standard of living of community is decline as the economic activity is the indicator of a countrys growth. The Lehman Brothers bankruptcy on September 15, 2008 was a major surprise to a global financial system which already suffering from the mortgage crisis and credit crunch. This collapse of investment bank sparked the worst financial crisis. The victims of the crisis consist of many Giant Corporation, such as Lehman Brothers and also some mortgage giants such as Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, insurer American International Group (AIG), and banks Merrill Lynch, Washington Mutual, and Wachovia. These giants had been takeovers by the government or to be acquired by competitors at low prices. Causes of Financial Crisis 2008 One of the factors that make the financial crisis happened is the cheap credit which inspires people buy houses by credit especially people in the middle or lower level of income or make investments that is based on the pure speculation. The presence of cheap credit made more money ready in the market. Increasing in money supply aroused consumption and expenditure. When the demand on goods and services increased, price increased as well. As this situation continued, eventually inflation happened. Another cause of financial crisis is the greedy of mortgage lenders who made sub-prime loan to people who have poor credit ratings such as borrowers with a record of delinquent payment, previously charged-off loans, bankruptcies or even court judgment to pay off by charging higher interest rate. The loose regulation also made people easier to get loan and this made the demand of houses became higher and drove up the house values. Thus, lenders, insurers and investors made more money. Consequently, many borrowers could not afford to pay their home mortgage payments with adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs) because the monthly home loan payments were rising skyward. Thousand of home mortgage foreclosures as scores of lower-income home buyers, especially those with subprime mortgages. Lenders were suffered from illiquidity and unable to pay to investors. Mortgage-backed securities became more risky and the value of the securities was dropping, thus caused some investment firms like Lehman B rothers get suffer from it. Besides, insurers who insured those bad mortgages were not get away from suffer and involved in trouble as well. Impacts of Financial Crisis 2008 Impact on Financial Market According to Bloomberg Businessweek, the Standard Poors 500-stock index, the broad U.S. stock index, dropped 9% in September 2008 and another 17% in October 2008 as investors worried the worlds financial system would stop operating after the fall of Lehman Brothers that cause the world financial crisis. Many individual investors faced huge losses in almost every asset class such as equities, corporate bonds and real estate except for cash and government bonds which are less risky. Due to the sudden and huge losses faced by investors in the financial market, so when some clients came and seek for advices from financial planners, they have claimed that they do not want to expose to the stock market at all. (Frank, 2009). Being of this, the stock market had declined and become inactive as there were lesser investors trading and push the stock market. According to Professor Vickie Bajtelsmit, Chair of the Finance and Real Estate department at Colorado State University, investors often sell at the bottom of the market due to the huge losses that individual investors faced during crisis. They do not buy in the stock or other investments until investments are well and stable along their way to recovery. Therefore, they essentially lock in the losses and miss out on gains due to the fear appear in their mind. They are fear to take risk again. Bear Stearns The Bear Stearns Companies, Inc. was a global investment bank and securities trading and brokerage firm based in New York City. In addition to this, it was the fifth-large U.S. investment bank before its collapse. The main business areas of Bear Stearns were capital markets which consisted 80% of its business including equities, fixed income, investment banking, 10% of its business areas was wealth management, and another 12% was global clearing services. Besides, Bear Stearns was involved in securitization and issued huge amounts of asset- backed securities. Before Financial Crisis Bear Stearns had survived major crisis since it was founded in 1923, such as the Great Depression, World War II, the 1987 market crash and 11 September 2001 attacks. In the months following 11 September, Bear Stearnss executives were relied heavily on the manufacture and the sale of mortgage-backed securities. In the short run, Bear Stearnss decision to become a leader in manufacture and the sale of mortgage-backed securities resulted in huge profits for them. Bear Stearns capitalized on the boom of mortgage market that happened in 11 September when the Federal Reserve loosened the money supply. Another source of profit of Bear Stearns was a small hedge-fund division with $45 million equity investment. Bear Stearns has established a hedge fund called High-Grade Structured Credit Fund with money from outside investors. This hedge fund invested in low-risk, high-grade debt securities, such as Collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), which has the investment ratings of AAA or AA. The fund used leverage to generate returns by borrowing money in the low-cost, on the other hand buy higher yielding and long-term CDOs at short-term repo markets. In August 2006, Bear Stearns opened a second fund called the Enhanced Fund that used more leverage and it was more risky than the High-Grade Structured Credit Fund. High-Grade Structured Credit Fund never had a losing month for 40 months and achieved a 50% cumulative return. The Enhanced Fund also performed well during its short existence. During Financial Crisis Subprime Mortgage Hedge Fund Crisis The subprime mortgage crisis is an ongoing real estate and financial crisis because of the fall in U.S. housing prices. Securities backed with subprime mortgages which were widely held by many financial firms faced losses due to lost in the securities value. During the weeks of July 2007, Bear Stearns disclosed that the two subprime hedge funds had lost nearly all of their value due to the rapid decline in the market for subprime mortgages. A report in the New York Times dated September 21 noted that Bear Stearns posted a 61 percent drop in net profits due to their hedge fund losses. In addition to this, Bear Stearns was writing down a further $1.2 billion in mortgage-related securities. Besides, Standard Poors downgraded the companys credit rating from AA to A. After financial Crisis Federal Reserve Bank of New York and J. P. Morgan Chase had provided emergency funding to prevent the financial collapse of Bear Stearns in year 2008. J. P. Morgan Chase is a global investment banking and securities firm. It is also one of the Big Four banks in United States. The Federal Reserve issued a non-recourse loan of $29 billion to J. P. Morgan Chase for it to bail out Bear Stearns. J. P. Morgan Chase is just paying $10 a share to take over Bear Stearns which a little compared to year 2007 which was trading for as high as $170 a share. The purchase price indicated that how far the value of Bear Stearns dropped with the collapse of its two big hedge funds. As the consequences of failure of huge investment bank, U.S. financial system is almost collapse if the Federal Reserve did not take action to rescue Bear Stearns. Bear Stearnss shareholders had faced losses and this incident has shrunken the investors confidence in investing in stock markets. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Fannie Mae (Federal National Mortgage Association) was established in 1938, and its brother company Freddie Mac (Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation) was founded in 1968. Both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are government sponsored enterprise (GSE) which created to expand home ownership. In addition, it is also provides a secondary home loan market for buyers. Fannie Mae was a middleman and never made loans directly to the consumer. It buy mortgages from approved mortgage sellers, either for cash or in exchange for a mortgageÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ backed security (MBS) for a fee, carries Fannie Maes guarantee of timely payment of interest and principal. Fannie Mae keeps some but resells most to investors guaranteeing to pay off a loan if the borrower defaults. By purchasing the mortgages, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac provide banks and other financial institutions with fresh money to make even more new loans, thus increasing the pool of homeowners and allowing Fannie Mae to continue making large profits. Before Financial Crisis Due to the political pressure, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have had to expand their home ownership to middle or lowerÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ income families or poor credit rating borrowers and this led to a riskier mortgages being issued, as well as riskier MBSs. There was a actual risk was that Fannie Mae might guaranteed and pledged those questionable mortgages and lose out when many borrowers were not capable to discharge their payment or obligations. During Financial Crisis Unfortunately, in year 2007, the subprime mortgage crisis began. Poor credit ratings borrowers were unable to pay their mortgages payment especially with adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs) because the payments risen sharply. This made a sudden rise in home foreclosures. Consequently, house prices had fallen and cause more and more foreclosures added to the large inventory of homes. Besides, strict in lending standards made it difficult for potential borrowers to secure new mortgages. The decline in house prices led to a huge amount of losses for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The US government attempted to calm the market in July 2008 because government believes that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac play an important role in the US housing finance system. Therefore, Treasury Department and the Federal Reserve decided to take steps to build confidence in the companies. The steps included permitting both corporations enter to Federal Reserve discount window and removing the prohibition and allowed Treasury Department to buy Fannie Maes and Freddie Macs stock. However, in August 2008, shares of both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac had plummeted more than 90% from their one-year prior levels. At the same time, their investments in other financial institutions reported losses as well. Their capital adequacy ratio of 0.5% was unable to meet up to the requirement of subprime lending crisis. Creditors and some responsive investors responded it by limiting and restraining the credit supply and selling those shares. Treasury Secretary, Hank Paulson asserted that these losses could jeopardize the US financial system entirely because it already struggling by housing markets and it could have collapsed if Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac had failed. Besides, the fall in the securities of both companies would result in losses to many institutions like pension funds, mutual funds, and global economies. Many US banking institutions own stock in Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, all are now facing pending dividends in addition to a huge and visible loss in share value. Some banks may also have problems with capitalization due to the related loss of invested funds. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac had great impact on our financial system that a failure of one of them would give rise to a great turmoil in our financial markets. Besides, the credit default swap (CDS) market is concerned as well, the federal bailout of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac being looked on as a type of bankruptcy. So, a new protocol is being developed to evaluate and settle Fannie and Freddies credit default swaps accurately. After financial Crisis Consequently, in September 2008, the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) announced the federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and placed them under conservatorship and took control of both the companies assets and operations. The bailout of these two government sponsored enterprises (GSEs) happened in the mid of the current credit crisis. At the time of the takeover, Fannie and Freddie owned or guaranteed about half of all American home loans and had total obligations of $5 trillion. So, making their conservatorship is one of the largest and potentially costliest federal bailouts of private companies in US history. It is also a most expensive bailouts ever faced by the taxpayers in the US history. The value of the companies common stock would be diluted but not die out whereas US government may protect the holdings of other securities such as company debt and preferred shares. Government also make quarterly injections as the companies losses warrant. As a result of the governments intervention, the cost of borrowing for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac should turn down, because the government will be standing behind their debts. Although the US Treasury has made a solid $200 billion commitment to maintain financial operations and support mortgage guarantees, but stockholders will bear any primary losses and taxpayers may eventually be in risk of covering the firms combined liabilities. The government conservatorship is planned to maintain and sustain the financial stability and capitalization of both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac as well as to prevent further losses when possible. Feds responses In order to minimize the effect of the financial crisis, Fed had taken some actions to response to this financial crisis. First of all, we need to investigate on its monetary policy. Federal considered the dual mandate which is price stability and maximum employment. So, policymakers conduct monetary policy through open market operations, discount rate and reserve requirements. By changing the discount rate, Fed manages to influences the demand and supply of balances at the Fed and shifts the actual federal funds rate toward the target which been set during the meetings of the Federal Open Market Committee. After decreasing the target federal funds rate, bank borrowing became less expensive and more affordable to bank because the spread between the target federal funds rate and the primary credit rate was narrowing. This spread was 100 basis points in the early August of year 2007 but narrowed it to 25 basis points to make available source of liquidity to strong financial institution. However, the rate offered to banks is still an above-market rate. On the other hands, Federal Reserve requires the depository institutions maintain reserve requirement or in other words amount of funds either in the form of vault cash or deposits with Federal Reserve Banks. Changes in the reserve requirement formally will influence the bank liquidity and the lending capacity in the market. Besides, Congress was allowed Federal Reserves to pay interest on required reserve balances and surplus balances. This will helps Federal Reserve to expand its balance sheet to provide the liquidity for financial stability. Next, Fed formed a new lending procedure in the form of the Term Auction Facility (TAF) and the Primary Dealer Credit Facility (PDCF), and transformed their securities lending program and introducing the Term Securities Lending Facility (TSLF). The TAF offers commercial banks funds through an unknown auction facility to remove the stigma attached to normal discount borrowing. The PDCF extends lending rights from commercial banks to investment banks whereas TSLF allows investment banks to borrow Treasury bills, notes and bonds using mortgage-backed securities as collateral. All of these programs offered funding for terms of roughly one month at relatively favourable interest rates. Fed also made adjustments to original procedures. Firstly, they extended the term of their repurchase agreements to 28 days and accepted mortgage-backed securities. Moreover, Fed extended the swap lines to European Central Bank and the Swiss National Bank that allowed them to offer dollars to commercial banks in their currency areas. Central banks balance sheet is one of the important elements in this financial crisis. There are two principles in managing its assets and liabilities. First, size of the balance sheet must been controlled or in other words is the quantity of monetary base. By changing the level of the monetary base, Fed can keep the market-determined federal funds rate near to their target. Furthermore, central bank is responsible to control the composition of its assets. Fed can make decision on which assets to hold. These assets include treasury securities, foreign exchange reserves and others. The assets of Fed hold highly related to its new programs. For example, by the end of March 2008, Fed had committed more than half of its assets to the new programs such as $ 100 billion to the Term Auction Facility. Changes in the combination of central bank assets are projected to control the relative price of a financial asset. In conclusion, Fed broaden its traditional programs and implemented non-traditional programs in order to improve credit markets through infusions of liquidity and restore the confidence in turn to maintain financial stability. Recommendation In our opinion, we think that Fed should review its policies. Fed was not responding well to reduce the impacts brought by financial crisis. For example, Feds action of cut interest rates and loosen the money supply in market. Instead of lowering interest rate, Fed should charge higher interest rate to make the emergency credit more costly for better- targeted lending. Besides, high interest rate discourages consumption. As a result, inflation will decrease. On the other hands, Feds responses had forced central banks in countries outside U.S. which manage their exchange rates against the dollar to import inflation rather than deflation. Consequentially, these countries currencies have become undervalued. As their real interest rates had declined, these countries in fact are exporting inflation back to the US. So, emerging markets need to tighten their monetary policy further in order to reduce inflation. By revaluing against the dollar, these countries can prevent inflationary pressures from the U.S. Besides, we think that government should promote a recapitalization of the banking systems to enhance it. This can help to inject some public capital into banks and pressure banks to raise additional private capital. Government also have to ensure that all the depository institutions must maintain the adequate reserves in their vault. Lastly, government can loosen the repayment terms on mortgage agreements in order to reduce the defaults of payments and foreclosures. Government is also encouraged to expand its monetary and fiscal policies abroad. This is because the increase in spending in countries outside U.S. can offset the decrease in U.S. consumer spending. Besides, this allows US to offset the fall in housing construction by increase in exports activities. Conclusion In conclusion, financial crisis can harm the financial markets either in US market or global and the economy will experience recession. So, Fed as the central bank for U.S. is bearing heavy responsibilities in the market. All the decisions made should consider many factors so that the market would not collapse due to the crisis. Financial crisis had caused panic to people in the markets. Panic drives people to sell risky assets to raise money in cash. People save more and spend less. Besides, corporations also cut their spending and investments. Worst, some corporations faced difficulty to defend themselves and finally fall into bankruptcy. Even though some actions had taken by Fed and Treasury department to solve this financial crisis, but the actions taken did not fully solve the problems and some actions even bring the opposite effects in the markets. So, government must ensure the market stability and liquidity by proper using its tools such as monetary and fiscal policies. Besides, corporations and people must also cooperate with government to prevent financial crisis happen.

Annotated Bibliography On Plasmid Purification - 1024 Words

Plasmid Purification Authors: Kashaf Baig Adam Jolly Abstract: Introduction: Plasmids are circular chromosomes that are found in bacteria (and other cells), can replicate independently (autonomous) and are separate from chromosomal DNA (Wikipedia, 2017). The plasmids have various conformation but the most important one is the negatively supercoiled conformation. (Wikipedia, 2017) also states that plasmids are suitable for an organism’s survival within the environment, as chromosomes generally contain all the necessary genetic information of an organism for normal conditions the plasmids on the other hand contain additional information which becomes useful in certain living†¦show more content†¦Then 30  µl of GelRed was added to the agarose-TBE solution and then mixed thoroughly. The gel was then poured onto a tray with a comb inserted to create the wells and was left to set for about 30 minutes. The 2nd method consisted of purification of the plasmid DNA provided (bacterial culture). 1.5 ml of 3 bacterial culture was added to 3 different centrifuge tubes and then centrifuged for 1 minute at about 8000 xg. The supernatant material from all 3 tubes was then discarded into 3% Virkon solution and the tubes were placed back in the rack. Then 250  µl of P1 Lysis Buffer was added to the tubes and vortexed followed by an addition of the same amount of Lysis Buffer P2 and mixed gently by inverting the tubes 6-7 times, the tubes were then left to incubate for 5 minutes at room temperature. 300  µl of Neutralisation Buffer P3 was added and then mixed thoroughly by inverting the tubes. All the tubes were now centrifuged at 11,000 xg for 5 minutes taking into consideration that the centrifuge machine was balanced when used to avoid any incomplete mixture. The tubes were then removed and 750  µl was carefully added to 1.5 ml spin columns as to not disturb the white residue (Na), the tubes were then again subject to centrifuge for 1 minute at 11,000 xg and the flow through discarded after the run. 500  µl of Wash Buffer PW1 was added and centrifuged for a minute (at the same xg), after

Life of Pi and Religion Free Essays

In the first part of Life of Pi, Pi Patel tells the reader about important memories from his childhood before the ship accident and his adventure as a castaway at sea. It is from these memories that we see a real development of Pi’s character; we come to better understand his thoughts and standings on life, religion, and the knowledge he gained from his family and others. One of his many musings about religion and the integration of it into our lives appears in Chapter 22, where he describes the end of two individuals lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Life of Pi and Religion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both see a white light overtaking them. One person recognizes that it is God, in one form or another, overtaking them and drawing them in from their moral life, and they become believers. The other stays stubborn in his scientific reasoning, and dismisses the white light as a visual phenomenon that is caused by a lack of oxygen to his central nervous system. Pi does not necessarily dismiss either as false, but claims that the scientific person â€Å"lack(ed) imagination and miss(ed) the better part of the story. This is precisely one of the major ideas of Life of Pi, that despite what life throws at you, you can choose how you perceive reality and make a better story out of it, should you choose to do so. Pi sees religion as one of the greatest ways to engage the human imagination and take full advantage of life. It would appear as though Pi is claiming that even if religion isn’t true, it is more exciting to live your life as though it were than to live with the mind of an atheist, that there is a â€Å"better story† through a life of religion. And this may well be true, that belief in a higher purpose is more fulfilling than belief in our existence being a natural phenomenon devoid of God. But if you choose religion to be your â€Å"story,† then does it truly become reality? In the case of Pi, he tells us that we can shape our reality. But to truly analyze this statement, we must define reality. Though Pi suggests that reality is a truth based on personal perspective, common sense affirms otherwise. There is reality, in the sense of what truly has taken place, and there is what people believe, they can be unified or separate of one another, but to be both would be a paradox. If there were no reality underlying life, then we would need no judicial systems in the world, for certainly if the accused believes they are innocent, then we should not dare call them false by the convictions of our own reality. No one could lie either, for reality would be relative to perspective and one cannot expect his or her own reality to align with the other party’s reality. Furthermore, we could not chastise children for stealing from one another, for they truly believe that they should take what they want, and we must not punish them for simply living out their own reality. There is much â€Å"meat† lacking in Pi’s statement, but such is to be expected in his case. It is important to consider one fact in all that he says-the story’s setting is during his childhood. For one so young in the world, he speaks rather firmly on some considerable matters, of religion and how to live a fulfilling life. Pi talks as though he had lived a lifetime-worth of social and religious observations that give him qualification to speak so adamantly. Yet he is not stubborn, or narrow-minded, he simply has faith in himself. This mindset of faith in self can be expected from a person of any religion, which includes Pi since, basically, he has created a religion of his own, one that involves the idea of incorporating other religions. More importantly, children also hold this view, a belief in their own perspective. The story with the animals is certainly the more preferable story to read. If the book were made from the second story, it would be quite boring. But this is not to say that the second story is not the better one. Yann Martel simply chose to write the first one with more embellishment and elements that create a good story, a more positive story of steadfast courage and personal triumph. He wrote the second story to sound blockish, horrid, and unpleasantly real. The second story is the reality and the first one is Pi’s askew take on reality. I do however think that if you incorporate the first story into the character of Pi in the second story, therefore making the second story more â€Å"story-like† by giving Pi characterization, the second story would be the better one, and the most real. It would be a tale of a castaway, who must endure the mutilation of other castaways, one being his mother, at the hand of a deranged Frenchman, who evidentially dies, leaving the boy alone in the lifeboat. But through all of this, the boy imagines that he is sailing on an incredible journey with animals, and they see many wondrous things, and through his struggles comes to look back on the journey as the one with animals, and not the horrid truth. Ah, but wait-that is the true story of the Life of Pi, the third story, the one that is not told explicitly but is instead derived by the combining of truth and perspective to mold an ultimate reality. How to cite Life of Pi and Religion, Essay examples

Propaganda in Animal Farm free essay sample

Farms propagandist techniques are constantly called on by the pigs to make the other animals bend to there will. Forms of propaganda used in Animal Farm are repetition, lying, rhetorical questions, pinpointing the enemy, and intimidation. Squealer especially uses propagandist techniques such as â€Å"Jones would come back, yes Jones would come back. † This is a form of repetition and like many other things helps the pigs have ultimate control over the animals. Squealer consistently uses rhetorical questions to make the animals believe what he is saying to be the truth. When Squealer speaks he has a way about making the animals remember what it was like before the revolution and think about how much better off they are now. For example during Squealers speech he says that the pigs are not being selfish by taking to apples and milk: â€Å"You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? † From this we can assume, Squealer is lying and by using a rhetorical question he answers for himself. We will write a custom essay sample on Propaganda in Animal Farm or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Repetition is a commonly used tool that an author uses to imprint a message in the readers mind. Throughout the book, the less educated of the animals, especially the sheep, use the maxim Four Legs Good, Two Legs Bad. This is an accurate representation of the values and beliefs Old Major left for the animals to follow by. Another example of repetition is â€Å"Jones would come back, yes Jones would come back. † This is part of Squealers speech that he reverts to every time he tries to make a point. Pinpointing the enemy is the last form of propaganda that I’m going to mention. When someone ‘pinpoints an enemy’ they are making others around them aware of what they are doing and how they are affecting the common good. By telling everyone that it was Snowball that destroyed the windmill and that he was in league with Jones. Throughout the book, it is made clear to the animals that anyone in league with either Snowball or Jones would be punished. The way that the pigs can control the other animals show the powers of manipulation and deceit. This book displays many forms of propaganda, most of which are shown by either Napoleon or Squealer. Boxer takes up the motto Napoleon is always right. This is just another example of the manipulative tactics enforced by Napoleon.