Nutrition Information on Food Labels †a Waste of Time and Money?

NUTRITION INFORMATION ON FOOD LABELS – A WASTE OF TIME AND MONEY? Nutrition information on food labels is very useful and helpful for consumers; it is not a waste of time. In this essay I will write about the history of food labelling and later I will concentrate on consumers who should read food labels and those consumers who read the food labels. After that, I will focus on the importance and the advantages that information on food labels have. In the last part, I will write about problems that customers have when reading instructions on food labels. Food labels came legally to life in 1906. Everything started in the USA because the Food and Drug Act said that â€Å"food labelling is needed to protect consumers from economic harm to reducing consumer’s risk of chronic disease†. In 1993, the Nutrition Labelling and Education Act (NLEA) required mandatory food labelling on most products excluding coffee, spices, raw foods and take away foods. Regulations apply mostly to processed and packaged foods and require specific information on food labels like: name of the food, list of nutrients (fat, sodium, total carbohydrates, dietary fibre, proteins, vitamins A and C, some minerals, calories and Kilo calories), the name and address of the manufacturer, the place of origin, serving sizes, expiry date, nutrient content claims, health claims and information about Recommended Daily Intake (RDA) of nutrients while consuming 2000 calories. In the European Union, legislation on food labelling wants to protect, inform and help society to make knowledgeable choices. Every manufacturer should provide the required information to ensure that consumers will be satisfied when buying their products. Food labelling regulations help the consumer to buy safer food. People are more confident when choosing products if they know what a particular product consists of. Nowadays most of the nutritional labels are very advanced and show detailed information about each nutrient and ingredient. Consumers read the labels mostly to improve their intake in good nutrients (proteins, fibre, good fat, vitamins and minerals) and minimize intake of unhealthy nutrients (saturated fat, sodium, cholesterol) that a particular product contains. Those who experience cardiovascular problems, are overweight and obese or have type 2 Diabetes should read nutrition labels very carefully to avoid high intake of nutrients which are significant risk in causing or worsening the illness. Consumers who are allergic to certain foods use nutrition labels to find information about the ingredients that they must not to eat. The most common allergic foods are: milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, wheat and soybeans. Some of the above foods may cause instant death or digestive problems like celiac disease or lactose intolerance. Also, the elderly people should read the labels to meet their dietary requirements, which differ from other age groups. Pregnant women should control their Vitamin A intake derived from animal organs and increase their intake in folic acid. Vegetarian and vegan groups will find nutritional labels very useful particularly about the proteins and ingredients derived from animals. Another group of consumer reads information on food labels for personal reasons, for instance to exclude genetically modified foods or religious reasons. Research findings in different countries show that significant amounts of consumers use nutrition information on food labels. Surveys done in the United Kingdom have shown that 58% of those interviewed use nutrition labels. Those people recognize their diet as an important part in their lives. 17% use the labels for nutritional advice. Another study in America has shown that society is interested in nutrition food labels and use them while shopping or at home. The research showed that people with more than high school education are more likely to read the labels. In Canada consumers with small financial income, the elderly and less educated were less likely to use and understand nutrition labels. In Australia and New Zealand, 34% of consumers read the nutrition food labels. Significant groups of parents with young children usually use food labels to check the information about fat and sugar intake. Another advantage of nutrition information on food labels is that consumers look at the labels when buying unknown food products (for example from different parts of the world). It allows people to try exotic and extraordinary cuisines. Nutrition labels are guides to healthy eating and improving diet in beneficial nutrients. They help to avoid bad nutrients and remove bad products from our diets. For instance, manufacturers must inform on food labels that the product contains hydrogenated fat which is more harmful than animal fat. Nutrition food labels draw our attention to healthiness. In America, surveys demonstrated that consumers compare food products to purchase the ones with lower fat and sodium amounts. Information on food labels positively influences consumers that would like to prevent cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Those consumers choose low fat and low sugar products. There has been found a connection between reading the labels and losing weight. In other words, people are more aware of what they eat and make their decisions consciously. Scientists from two American Universities estimated that â€Å"the total monetary benefit of decrease in body weight was $63 to $ 166 billion over a 20-year period of the costs of the NLEA†. Food labels also help to reduce deficiency in certain nutrients. For example costumers who lack iron or fibre in their diet can easily choose food which is high in those nutrients while reading information on the back of the packaging. Legislation on food labels has brought another benefit for consumers. Manufacturers have to follow the rules and cannot wrongly label products. The Food Standards Agency in America is responsible to protect customers against dishonest manufacturers. Retailers must label their product appropriately and must describe it correctly. Labelling food is not only good for consumers but also for manufacturers. They recognized that the more information they show on the labels the better product will sell. It is a great deal for consumers who can find out more details about new products. There is a campaign running around the world called â€Å"5 a day†. With these words health organisations try to convince consumers to eat at least 5 portions of fruit and vegetables every day. Manufacturers and retailers in the UK joined the program and present the information on their food labels. The Information draws consumer awareness and helps them to realize that eating more fruits and vegetables will reduce the risk of certain diseases like cardiovascular disease. Apart from regular nutrition information on food labels on the back of the packaging, manufacturers present some coloured, highlighted instructions in the front of the packaging. This message is much easier for customers to understand than the directions from the back of the product. Usually the information shows the amount in grams per 1 serving and the percentage of daily intake of the nutrient (calories, fat, sugar, protein, sodium / salt). On the other hand, nutrition information on food labels needs some improvements. Food labels should all look the same and equally present the same list of nutrients with the same percentages and amounts. It will be easier for the consumer to memorise one kind of label. Unfortunately, every manufacturer labels their products differently. Consumers do not have time to spend hours in a food store. For example, a co-op retailer in the UK presents its own labels which describe â€Å"high, medium and low† to help consumers to choose healthier products and understand the label more. In fact, industry organisations see it as misleading information considering that these labels could be problematic to sell for example â€Å"fat† in food which is indeed very beneficial to maintain balanced diet. The next problem is that the consumers lack an understanding of the function of different nutrients presented on the labels. The European Heart Network found out that consumers widely read nutrition food labels but do not fully understand them. Often, amounts of nutrients require calculations and consumers do not have enough knowledge about the different nutrients that are important in their diets. The Public Health Nutrition journal informed that converting information from grams to grams per serving size caused difficulties. Nutrition labels should respond to consumer needs and give clear and simple instructions. In conclusion, nutrition information on food labels is not a waste of money. The idea of presenting this information is great because it helps customers to see what packaged food contains and choose the best product that suits them. The information on food labels gives instructions for people who are allergic and have food intolerances. It is also a guide for the consumer on how to start or maintain eating a balanced diet and how to avoid unhealthy and harmful nutrients. However, nutrition information on food labels still needs improvement to enable better public understanding and this is an area that needs to be addressed. References: 1. Angela Shine, Seamus O’Reily, Kathleen O’Sullivan (1997) â€Å"Consumer use of nutrition labels†. British Food Journal, Vol:99, Iss:8, p: 290-296 2. Carolyn D. Berdanier†¦ [et al. ], (2002), â€Å"Handbook of nutrition and food†, California, CRC Press. 3. European Public Health Alliance, (2005) â€Å"Food labelling in the EU: purposes, principles and challenges† URL: http://www. epha. org/a/2006 4. Food and Drug Administration, (2011) â€Å"Food allergies: What you need to know†, URL: http://www. fda. gov/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm079311. htm 5. Food Standards Agency, 2010, â€Å"Understanding labelling rules, URL: http://www. food. gov. uk/foodlabelling/ull/ 6. Food Standards Australia, New Zealand (2011), â€Å"Labelling of food†. URL: http://www. foodstandards. gov. au/consumerinformation/labellingoffood/ 7. Gill Cowburn, Lynn Stockley (2005). â€Å"Consumer understanding and use of nutrition labelling: a systematic review†, Public Health Nutrition, vol:16. Pg: 695-708 8. Hawkes Corrina (2004), â€Å"Nutrition Labels and health claims: the global regulatory environment†, Geneva, World Health Organization. 9. Howard Moskowitz, Michele Reisner, Jonhn Ben Lawlor and Rosires Deliza, (2009), â€Å"Packaging Reasearch and Food Porduct Design and Development†, Iowa, Wiley-Blackwell A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Publication. 10. Labels and Labelling Data and Consultancy Services Ltd, (1984), â€Å"Guide to food labelling, Part 2 Claims and misleading descriptions† â€Å"Labels-Law and Legislation – England† 11. M. L. Neuhouser, A,R Kristal, R. E. Patterson (1999), â€Å"Use of food nutrition labels is associated with lower fat intake†Journal of the American Dietetic Association. Vol:99, issue 1, pg: 45-53. 12. National Health Service, 2009, â€Å"Buy healthier food†. URL: http://www. nhs. uk/Livewell/loseweight/Pages/readingfoodlabels. aspx 13. Nayga, R. M. , Lipinski, D. and Savur, N. (1998), Consumers' Use of Nutritional Labels While Food Shopping and At Home. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 32:  106–120. doi:  10. 1111/j. 1745-6606. 1998. tb00402. x 14. Stephen Havas, Jerianne Heimendinger (1995), â€Å"5 a day for better health-nine community research projects to increase fruit and vegetable consumption†, Public Health Reports, vol:110, issue:1, pg:68-79. 15. Variyam, Jayachandran N. and Cawley, John, Nutrition Labels and Obesity (January 2006). NBER Working Paper Series, Vol. w11956, pp. 16. Variyam, J. N. (2008), Do nutrition labels improve dietary outcomes?. Health Economics, 17:  695–708. doi:  10. 1002/hec. 1287 17. Vernal S. Packard, Jr (1976) â€Å"Processed Foods and the Consumer. Additives, Labelling, Standards and Nutrition†. Ontario, Burns ; MacEachern Limited.

The Overuse Bone Injuries Health And Social Care Essay

Overuse bone hurts normally result in emphasis breaks. The first written history of emphasis breaks was by Breithaupt in 1855 who described ‘the syndrome of painful conceited pess associated with processing ‘ among Prussian soldiers ( Breithaupt 1855 ) . The highest incidence of emphasis breaks occurs in path and field jocks, with rates of 10 to 31 % ( Bennell, Malcolm, et Al. 1996 ) . Stress breaks are besides normally seen in gymnastic exercises, lacrosse, figure skating, concert dance, hoops and football ( Burr and Milgrom 2001 ) . Most stress breaks occur in the lower limbs with over 50 % happening to the calf bone and shinbone ( Figure 1 ) ( McBryde 1985 ) . Certain stress break sites tend to be associated with certain athleticss, e.g. Medial malleolus of the shinbone and tarsal scaphoid emphasis break are common in high jumpers ( Ivkovic, et Al. 2007 ) . Fibula Fourth and Fifth OTHER Figure 1: Distribution of the common sites of emphasis breaks. Adapted from McBryde, 1985. The chief feature of a stress break is localized, gradual hurting which increasingly increases with activity and is relieved with remainder ( Burr and Milgrom 2001 ) . There is normally a recent alteration in developing prior to the oncoming of hurting. A radionuclide scan is used to name a stress break. Radionuclide ‘s collect in countries where there is increased bone activity ( where bone cells are interrupting down or mending parts of the bone ) , looking as ‘hot musca volitanss ‘ on the image.PathogenesisStress breaks result from insistent burden and be given to non be associated with a history of injury. They are frequently considered to be a mechanical weariness driven procedure. They typically occur after a period of 4-6 hebdomads of increased activity. There are two hypotheses for the cause of emphasis breaks. The first, described in figure 2, is described as a biological procedure where bone remodelling is stimulated by mechanical lading doing porousness a nd decreased bone mass. Mechanical Loading Osteonal Remodelling Porosity ‘Focal transient osteopenia ‘ Local Strain MicrodamageStress FractureContinued Loading The 2nd hypothesis is that a emphasis break occurs from the development and growing of microcracks within the bone. Strain scopes of 5000-10000 microstrains are needed for a bone to neglect in weariness ( Caler and Carter 1989 ) . However, surveies indicate that the extremum strain in worlds is in the scope of 2000-2500 microstrains ( Burr and Milgrom 2001 ) . In order for this hypothesis to be right we would necessitate to lade our castanetss up to 10 million burden rhythms in to develop a emphasis break. Bone readily sustains microdamage from weariness during insistent burden but this would non take to a break in the clip class feature of emphasis breaks ( Burr and Milgrom 2001 ) . There must be other mechanisms involved in the development of emphasis breaks, which need to be explained, for this hypothesis to be valid.Figure 2: Hypothesised mechanism for the development of emphasis breaks. Adapted from Burr and Milgrom ( 2001 )Stress breaks occur as portion of a positive feedback m echanism. Increased mechanical burden stimulates bone turnover. Osteoclasts resorb preexistent bone, doing bone porousness which can last several months. Stiffness of the bone decreases quickly in response to little alterations in bone porousness. Once a threshold has been reached ( either through increased porousness or burden ) the bone becomes unstable and breaks occur ( Martin 1995 ) . Injury, cytokines, altered mechanical burden and weariness can all trip bone remodelling.There are a figure of factors that can straight or indirectly influence emphasis factors in jocks ( shown in figure 3 ) . There seems to be a complex interaction between these factors and some have contradictory grounds in surveies. The chief factors associated with stress break incidence are smaller castanetss, leg length disagreement, musculus weariness and preparation factors. Bone disease ( Pathology ) Hormone position and endocrines Exercise ( bone burden ) Diet and Nutrition Geneticss Joint scope and musculus flexibleness Foot type Lower appendage alliance Altered pace Complete Fracture Stress Fracture Stress Injury Stress Reaction Accelerated Remodelling Normal Remodelling Continuum of clinical responses to cram burden Body size and composing Training surfaces Footwear Magnitude of each strain rhythm Muscle strength Muscle weariness Entire figure of strain rhythms ( developing volume ) Frequency of strain rhythms ( developing strength ) Duration of each strain rhythm Bone disease ( Pathology ) Hormone position and endocrines Exercise ( bone burden ) Joint scope and musculus flexibleness Diet and Nutrition Geneticss Foot type Lower appendage alliance Altered pace Bone Response Impact fading Training Bone Health Gait Mechanicss Bone LoadingFigure 3: Contribution of hazard factors to emphasize fracture pathogenesis. Adapted from Brukner, Bennell and Matheson ( 1999 ) .Insistent mechanical burden from exercising contributes to emphasize break development. Training causes alterations in degrees of endocrines, such as sex endocrines, that may act upon bone indirectly. An addition in musculus mass could be protective against emphasis breaks. Military surveies have shown that intercessions such as remainder periods, riddance of running on concrete, the usage of running places and decrease of high impact activity can diminish the incidence of emphasis breaks ( Pester and Smith 1992 ) . An addition in preparation volume has been linked to an addition in stress break incidence in smugglers ( Brunet, et Al. 1990 ) and concert dance terpsichoreans, ( Kadel, Teitz and Kronmal 1992 ) and 86 % of jocks can place a alteration in developing prior to the oncoming of the break ( Sullivan, et Al. 1984 ) . However there is sma ll controlled research in jocks as to whether developing alterations can diminish the incidence. Foot construction determines the sum of daze absorbed and the sum of force transferred. A high arched pes is less able to absorb daze due to it being more stiff than a low arched pes. However a low arched pes tends to pronate which consequences in increased tortuosity on the shinbone and muscular weariness as they attempt to command the inordinate gesture ( Burr and Milgrom 2001 ) . A low arched pes is the most common pes type in jocks with stress breaks but both foot types could be at an increased hazard of emphasis breaks ( Sullivan, et Al. 1984 ) . A difference in leg length besides increases stress break incidence ( Bennell, Malcolm, et Al. 1996 ) . Stress break development has besides been linked to an addition in hep ageless rotary motion and a lessening in the scope of ankle dorsiflexion ( Burr and Milgrom 2001 ) . Persons with hapless physical conditioning tend to hold a deficiency of muscular strength and are prone to muscular weariness which increases the hazard of stress break ( Burr and Milgrom 2001 ) . Under normal conditions, musculuss act protectively by undertaking to cut down strains on bone surfaces. Once fatigued, there is increased strain at the site of musculus fond regard ( Yosjikawa, et Al. 1994 ) . Changes in Ca metamorphosis may predispose persons to emphasize breaks by impacting bone remodelling and bone denseness, although there is no grounds to back up this as yet ( Burr and Milgrom 2001 ) . Other factors that influence bone wellness and perchance stress break hazard include glutocorticoids, growing endocrine and tetraiodothyronine. Nutritional surveies have by and large failed to happen a relationship between low Ca consumption and stress break incidence. However one survey found that Ca consumption was much lower in the group with emphasis breaks ( Myburgh, et Al. 1990 ) . The consumption of salt, protein, P, caffeine and intoxicant all disrupt the balance of Ca, but there are no studies of any association with these factors and stress factors as yet. The jocks at each appendage of the preparation spectrum are at most hazard. Novice athletes or ‘weekend warriors ‘ are more likely to prolong stress breaks. High public presentation jocks are besides at hazard. Although their physical conditioning is good, the demands on them are so high that an overuse hurt may happen.GenderThe chief factor finding stress break hazard in adult females is genetic sciences. Familial factors affect bone geometry, bone alliance, hormonal environment every bit good as act uponing psychological traits which can impact developing wonts and eating and catamenial perturbations. Women besides seem to be more susceptible to environmental influences such as the ‘ideal ‘ organic structure portrayed by the media ( Hausenblas and Carron 1990 ) . Women by and large have higher incidence of emphasis breaks, with amenorrhoeic adult females holding a higher incidence than normally-menstruating adult females ( Feingold and Hame 2006 ) . The ground why amenorrheic adult females develop more emphasis breaks is ill-defined but may non be related to low bone denseness ( Ivkovic, et Al. 2007 ) . The shinbone is the most normally affected site in both males and females, with breaks of the tarsal scaphoid, femoral cervix, metatarsal and pelvic girdle preponderantly associated with the female jock ( Bennell and Brukner 1997 ) . Womans tend to devour unequal sums of micro and macro foods. Boness contain a high sum of Ca and if there is dietetic inadequacies this Ca is used by the organic structure and could compromise bone strength. This is rare in western society and merely terrible dietetic limitation will do mineral depletion. However, amenhorrheic and postmenopausal adult females lose Ca during urinary elimination due to low oestrogen degrees and hence necessitate an increased Ca consumption. The grounds for a relationship between Ca and emphasis breaks is inconclusive. Studies conducted on concert dance terpsichoreans and female path and field jocks found no important difference in the Ca consumption of those with stress breaks and those without ( Kadel, Teitz and Kronmal 1992 ) ( Bennell, Malcolm, et Al. 1996 ) . Childhood Ca consumption could be a deciding factor, but merely one survey has assessed this and no relationship was seen ( Grimston, et Al. 1991 ) . Disordered eating forms have been associat ed with increased emphasis break hazard. Track and field jocks and concert dance terpsichoreans with emphasis breaks are more likely to curtail their Calories intake and avoided high fat nutrient ( Frusztajer, et Al. 1990 ) ( Bennel, et Al. 1995 ) . Sexual activity endocrines play an of import portion in act uponing stress break hazard. Athletic adult females tend to hold a higher prevalence of catamenial perturbations than the general population ( Burr and Milgrom 2001 ) . This is normally seen in athleticss such as concert dance, gymnastic exercises and distance running. This relationship causes a two to four crease increased hazard of stress break, but the mechanism of increased hazard is non known. It could ensue in lower bone denseness or decreased peak bone mass. Oral Contraceptive pills have a major impact on skeletal wellness in female jocks. They are normally prescribed as a stress break intervention to better bone mass. Some research workers claim that unwritten preventives can forestall stress break development by supplying a beginning of oestrogen that increases bone denseness ( Burr and Milgrom 2001 ) . Current and past users of unwritten preventives have been found to hold greater bone mass than non-users ( Recker, et Al. 1992 ) . However there are some conflicting informations which show no consequence on bone mass with unwritten preventive usage, and some that show a possible damaging consequence. Smaller castanetss in males are associated with the greatest hazard of break. Since adult females have smaller castanetss than work forces, you could presume that this would predispose adult females to breaks ( Burr and Milgrom 2001 ) . However, no survey has shown any association between bone size and emphasis breaks. There is grounds that lower bone denseness may play a function in stress break development in adult females. A survey showed that athletic adult females with lower bone mineral content and denseness sustained emphasis breaks ( Bennell, Malcolm, et Al. 1996 ) . These adult females nevertheless had higher degrees of bone denseness than the general population. This implies that the degree of bone denseness required for active adult females needs to be much greater than non-athletes.AgeBone disease ( Pathology ) Hormone position and endocrines Exercise ( bone burden ) Joint scope and musculus flexibleness Diet and Nutrition Geneticss Foot type Lower appendage alliance Altered gaitPeak incidence of emphasis breaks is seen in 16-25 twelvemonth olds, but may happen at any age. Kadel, Teitz and Kronmal ( 1992 ) found no relationship between age and stress break incidence in concert dance terpsichoreans and Brunet, et Al. ( 1990 ) came to the same decision for smugglers.Traumatic Bone InjuriesMost breaks of bone tend to happen from a individual important force to a healthy bone such as during engagement in athletics. Weaker forces can fracture a bone that has been weakened by upsets such as malignant neoplastic disease, cysts or osteoporosis. Traumatic injures of bone are summarised in table 1. Dislocations of castanetss can besides happen during featuring activities. The most normally dislocated limb articulation is the shoulder. A disjointed shoulder is a common shoulder hurt in contact athleticss such as rugger and soldierly humanistic disciplines. Type Description Transverse Complete break that is perpendicular to the bone axis. Can be cause by a direct blow to the bone or as a consequence of a insistent action, such as running. Oblique Broken at an angle across the bone. Resulting from an angled blow. Frequently found in long castanetss. Coiling Occur when a portion of the organic structure is trapped and the bordering bone is twisted. Rare but are can be seen in athleticss such as arm wrestle and skiing. Comminuted Bone is fractured into several pieces with suppression or chip. Occur as a consequence of great force, normally auto accidents. Segmental Consequences in several big bone fragments. An unfastened break can happen if the fragments pierce the tegument. Avulsed A fragment of bone is torn off at sites of sinew and ligament interpolation. Occur when the external forces are greater than the forces keeping the bone together. Common in kids and during jumping and throwing actions. Impacted Bone fragments are driven into each other, shortening the bone. Normally occur when seeking to interrupt autumn by making out with the weaponries or legs. Torus One side of the bone may clasp upon itself. Common in kids because they have ‘softer ‘ castanetss. Greenstick Bone is cracked on one side. Common in kids by a blow to the forearm or shinbone. Table 1 ; Summary of the different types of bone breaks. Images used from Roberts ( 2010 ) . A comparatively unsophisticated break can mend within hebdomads or months via bone remodelling. New tissue can be produced within hebdomads and a gradual addition in mechanical burden will guarantee optimum remodelling ( Roberts 2010 ) . Serious complications from a break are rare. Arteries could go injured in closed supracondylar breaks of long castanetss along with compartment syndrome ( the compaction of nervousnesss, blood vass, and musculus inside a closed infinite ) and nerve hurt ( Roberts 2010 ) . Open breaks could ensue in infections that can take to osteomyelitis. Osteomyelitis is characterised by redness and devastation of bone by bacteriums such as staphylococci aureus. Some breaks can ensue in the release of fat that can blockade the lungs and do respiratory jobs ; this is known as fat intercalation syndrome ( Odegard 2005 ) . Misalignment of articular gristle by a bone break can do degenerative arthritis and joint motion damage.Traumatic Bone Injuries in ChildrenApproxi mately 15 % of all breaks in kids involve the physis ( Caine, DiFiori and Maffulli 2006 ) . Mechanical emphasis from athleticss such as football and hockey or by insistent burden required in athleticss such as long distance running, gymnastic exercises and baseball can do exceedance of the tolerance bounds of the physis ( Caine, DiFiori and Maffulli 2006 ) . Injury can do a perturbation to physeal growing and can take to length disagreement, angular malformation or altered joint mechanisms which may do important long term disablement ( Caine, DiFiori and Maffulli 2006 ) . Physeal hurts can ensue in irreversible harm to turning cells ( Caine, DiFiori and Maffulli 2006 ) . The growing home base gristle is more vulnerable to emphasize and forces than grownup gristle and next bone ( Micheli 1986 ) . The physis can besides be up to 5 times weaker than the environing hempen tissue. An hurt that could rupture a ligament or dislocated a joint in an grownup may bring forth a separation of the growing home base in a kid due to the above grounds ( Caine, DiFiori and Maffulli 2006 ) . Figure 4 summarises the different types of physeal hurts. The susceptibleness for break is far more outstanding during periods of rapid growing such as during pubescence ( Benton 1982 ) . Increased growing rates and structural alterations result in a thicker and more delicate home base. Bone mineralisation besides lags behind bone growing which renders the bone porous and more susceptible to injury. Micheli ( 1983 ) proposed a controversial construct that rapid growing may do an increased hazard of hurt due to muscle-tendon stringency around the articulations and a loss in flexibleness. Long castanetss or the appendages usual grow longitudinally ab initio with muscle-tendon units reacting to the alteration by stretching, which may do an instability ( Caine, DiFiori and Maffulli 2006 ) .Figure 4: Types of growing home base hurts seen in kids. Adapted from Caine, DiFiori and Maffulli ( 2006 )A – A complete separation of the epiphysis from the metaphysis with the originative cells of the growing home base staying with the epiphysis. B – Most common physeal hurt. Separation on the epiphysis and metaphysis along the growing home base accompanied by a break of a triangular molded metaphyseal fragment. C – Fracture extends through the epiphysis from the joint and along the growing home base. D – Fracture extends from the joint surface, across the growing home base and through the metaphysis. E – Uncommon hurt. The growing home base is compressed which prevents farther bone growing. Metaphysis Epiphysis Growth Plate Tocopherol Calciferol C Bacillus A Skeletal hurts are common in athletics, particularly contact athleticss, gymnastic exercises and skiing. A break amendss non merely bone but besides soft tissues environing the country, such as sinews, ligaments, musculuss, nervousnesss, blood vass and tegument. Overuse hurts of bone occur as a consequence of repeated burden over a long period. They are common in athleticss such as running, concert dance and football. Word Count – 1987

Nonverbal Communication and Ray Birdwhistell in Ethnographic Films Essay

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Construction website evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Construction website evaluation - Essay Example Generally speaking, each construction company has its own motto, perspective, work ethic and attitude on how and what to build. These can vary greatly, but their goal is always the same- to gain more clients, construct more buildings and become successful and acknowledges in the construction business. Once the idea or notion of what to build is created, the customer contacts his or her construction company of choice. They meet and discuss the task at hand, and if they agree on things- a contract is signed to start the construction project. The signing of the contract can be arduous and take a long time since many details have to be agreed upon, such as the cost of the project, exactly how it will be carried out, the estimated duration of constructing and many other details. But if both sides manage to reach an understanding and the company can supply what the customer is interested in, the project is launched. Once the contract is signed, the construction company begins its preparations for the project, and this involves staff members and workers of different areas and fields. One or more architects will be involved, as will construction workers, accountants, lawyers if necessary and many others. The company may have to use sub-contract companies in order to complete the project within the monetary and time frames. This means that another contract will have to be signed between the major construction company that originally took on the construction project and other smaller companies or workers that dont belong to the major company who will be contracted to work on the project. This of course depends on the scope of the project. Finally, when everything is arranged, the implementation stage begins. The materials for the construction project are brought to the location of the intended building (sometimes via other moving companies or industries) and the builders can start constructing the building under the guide of construction manager and the architect or

Why was there so much violence in Rome in the late Republic Essay

Why was there so much violence in Rome in the late Republic - Essay Example 140) Caesar’s rise to power and his eventual assassination demonstrate the violence that permeated Rome’s late Republic. Caesar was pivotal in the increase in violence as he helped militarize the Roman city. Earlier, Rome was plagued by anarchy and that Cnaeus Pompeius was entrusted with the restoration of order. He achieved this by bringing legionaries into the center of the city, the first time that serving soldiers have been brought there for this purpose, except in times of civil war. (Lintott, p. xiv) After order was restored, these legionaries remained in Rome for two more years under Pompeius’ command. Now, this was used by Julius Caesar as a reason to invade Italy with the pretext of defending his own status. This invasion would bring the Republic to an end. The transition from armies that were fighting in the battlefield to gangs fighting in the streets has sparked the violence in the late Republic. Such transition was disastrous and it is not difficult to understand why. Cicero argued in favor of arming the Roman citizens in his defense of Milo. However, this proved disastrous as more and more people became violent with their arms up to the point that the government could no longer control them. By the time the Roman Senate passed legislation to control bearing arms for violent purposes in the public realm, it was already too late. A specific example of the most controversial disturbances happened in 59 B.C., when the consul Bibulus tried to block his colleague Caesar’s legislation. According to Crook, Lintoot and Rawson’s account: Bibulus offered religious objection to Caesar’s proposals in the traditional way, according to the process known as abnutiatio: he appeared in the Forum and declared to the presiding magistrate that he had seen evil omens†¦ As the year went on, however, civil disturbances increased and Bibulus became the object of such violent assaults that he took refuge in his house and merely issued messages that he was

The Radiation Exposure in Hiroshima Research Paper

The Radiation Exposure in Hiroshima - Research Paper Example The intermediate stage lies between 10 and 12 weeks after the initial exposure to the radiation. The deaths in Hiroshima and Nagasaki stemmed from ionizing radiation. In Hiroshima alone, about 140,000 died instantly and 100,000 were seriously injured. Syndromes. That the damage that had been left by the nuclear radiation was extensive, is a matter that is underscored by the trail of medical or health complications it left in its wake. Some of the symptoms that Japan had to deal with include bleeding, hair loss, nausea, flash burns, blood cancer and a higher level of vulnerability to leukemia, malignant tumors, and cataracts. Some of the syndromes that accompanied the radiation included small brain size, skin, organ and blood cancer, lower Intelligence Quotient, mental retardation, cleft and lip palate, blindness, delayed development and Spinal Bifida. Other conditions that accompanied the radiation include. The fact that the radiation had claimed Hiroshima and Nagasaki’s 90 pe rcent of medical personnel and left many others disabled did not make things lighter. The same state of affairs also dilapidated medical supplies and resultantly, claimed more deaths. burns- Long-term impact on the exposed population * Cancers, genetic defects, other biologic effectsIn addition:- Define any radiation units used in your research paper (R, rem, rad, Ci, Sv, Gy, Bq, etc.)- Define the term LD 50/30- Describe the LD 50/30 in humans- Current standards for Effective Dose Equivalent limits for occupational and non-occupational exposures

394 case study #2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

394 #2 - Case Study Example For instance, where workers are supposed to lift heavy construction materials, contractors are required to make sure the material is in good position for easy handling; provide lifters like cranes to reduce the vertical distance and level of bending. However, since it is completely impossible to eliminate risks especially in areas where activities involve dealing with dangerous components like inflammable components, deep mines, and sharp objects, the involved company must ensure that every worker has the knowledge on how to reasonably mitigate the hazard should it arise. Facilities that are essential in removing such risks must be placed in a strategic position and be functional at all times to enable quick response to problems. All organizations need to use a holistic approach to safety management in that safety procedures, use of experienced and disciplined employees, maximum supervision and maintenance of equipments is at par. However, it is important for employees to be aware an d take responsibility in ensuring their own safety and that of others without necessarily relying on the management. Defining what safe work place is is something almost impossible because even if there are measures in place, things can always go out of control. As evident in the case studies, the involved companies had methods of mitigating risks in place but in one way or the other, it was difficult to watch over everything. Therefore, a safe work place is that which ensures quick response and restoring of problems to normalcy. Choi, S., Davis., Veltri, A., & Wang, Q. (2012). ‘Translating Academic Research on Manual Lifting Tasks Observations into Construction Workplace â€Å"Good Practices.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Journal of Safety, Health & Environmental Research, 8(1), 1-32. Roux Willem Le. (2010). ‘When is a Workplace Safe or Unsafe?: The Safety Criterion in Terms of the Occupational Health and Safety Act and the Mine Health and Safety Act,’ The Journal of The

Final Project- Step Three Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final Project- Step Three - Assignment Example Second (2), I used text with highlights on is edges and separated thoughts through title and subtitle with their accompanying highlights of putting them in bold and underline. The third (3), I put colors on the text. Fourth (4), I used a simple black and white diagram of the internal working structure of a human ear. And lastly (5), I used a full colored diagram of the human ear. The purpose of this approach is for the audience to experience the increasing ease of understand the message or lecture as the mode of visual progresses from simple text to the use of colored diagrams. By using the same subject with different modalities of conveying beginning from a simple text to a full colored diagram, the audience will readily understand how effective visuals in conveying information. This is consistent with the cliche that goes â€Å"A picture is worth a thousand words†. I Calibri text Parts and Functions of the ear The human ear is divided into five parts. These five parts of hum an ear, have specific functions that help in the process of hearing. Parts of Human Ear The parts of the human ear include: Outer Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear Acoustic Nerve Central Auditory Processing Centers Outer ear is divided into the pinna and the external auditory meatus. The pinna, also known as the auricle is the external ear part that is located and seen on each side of our head. It is made up of cartilage and soft tissue. This helps in maintaining a particular ear shape and remains pliable. The pinna is like a funnel that collects the sound vibrations from around us and funnels them towards the external auditory meatus(Buzzle.com,nd). II Times New Roman with titles and subtitles Parts and Functions of the ear The human ear is divided into five parts. These five parts of human ear, have specific functions that help in the process of hearing. Parts of Human Ear The parts of the human ear include: Outer Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear Acoustic Nerve Central Auditory Processing Centers Outer ear is divided into the pinna and the external auditory meatus. The pinna, also known as the auricle is the external ear part that is located and seen on each side of our head. It is made up of cartilage and soft tissue. This helps in maintaining a particular ear shape and remains pliable. The pinna is like a funnel that collects the sound vibrations from around us and funnels them towards the external auditory meatus (Buzzle.com,nd) . III Texts with colors Parts and Functions of the ear The human ear is divided into five parts. These five parts of human ear, have specific functions that help in the process of hearing. Parts of Human Ear The parts of the human ear include: Outer Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear Acoustic Nerve Central Auditory Processing Centers Outer ear is divided into the pinna and the external auditory meatus. The pinna, also known as the auricle is the external ear part that is located and seen on each side of our head. It is made up of cartilage and soft tissue. This helps in maintaining a particular ear shape and remains pliable. The pinna is like a funnel that collects the sound vibrations from around us and funnels them towards the external auditory meatus (Buzzle.com,nd) . IV Diagram of the ear in black and white Source: Gallaudet university V

The start of the play Essay Example for Free

The start of the play Essay Priestley uses Inspector Goole as a tool for uncovering truths in the household and un-cover the vulnerabilities of the Birling family. He also highlights the different approaches to responsibility within the household (older and younger generation) and could well represent the voice and the opinion of Priestley himself. When the inspector arrives at the Birling household he is described as making an impression of massiveness, solidity and purposefulness. This is important because the massiveness and solidity implies that there is no getting round purposefulness of his enquiries. The stage directions also describe him as looking hard at the person before actually speaking. The hardness of his stare links in with the harder light and the sheer harshness is enough to break through the cozy sense of security that the Birlings had before the arrival of the inspector. As well as being used to highlight conflicting views, stage directions are also used to create general presences about people. For example, a stage direction used for the inspector is for when he knocks on the door. The stage direction could describe the inspector just knocking on the door but instead we hear the sharp ring of a door bell. This implies that the inspector will be harsh and concise. Also that he is quite clever and it will be difficult to get around him and his enquiries as he is sharp. The inspector builds relationships with individual characters through the play, and they become more defined and easier to read as the play goes on. His relationship with Birling is mainly one of argument. Birlings views conflict the most with the inspector. The inspector does not agree with Birlings capitalist views as he doesnt like the way that the capitalist ideas look out for oneself. But the Inspector believes in the community and that everyone should work together for a common cause as it would be easier. Birling really hates the idea and describes it as being all mixed up like bees in a hive. The Inspectors relationship with Sheila is also important as it shows that not all of the family is in tune with Birling and quite on the contrary some are on the side of the Inspector. Sheilas new-age opinions and views are much the same as the Inspectors and create a team of sorts (with the addition of Eric) to dispute the facts with the others. Sorry I just cant help but think about this girl Sheila says which confirms her views because as she is distressed by the death of this girl, it shows that she cares about this stranger who she doesnt even know, and this would sit well with the community based, socialist views. Sheila and Gerald are also used by Priestley to start the familys downfall. They are the first relationship to break apart and they set a tone for everyone else to follow. They symbolize the secrecy and mistrust in the household as a whole. except all last summernever came near me. This quote throws up the possibility that maybe all isnt quite as it seems in the Birling family. Its the first real time that the audience may get an inkling as to what the Birlings may really be like and I think thats why Priestley includes it in the play. If Sheila and Gerald who are in love and preparing to be married you would assume that they must be very close. But if they are to separate then I think that its a sign that all the other relationships and family links will also go the same way. Sheila and Gerald start the revelation of truth, and once they have put it into motion, it is very hard to stop, and hence the other members of the household suffer the same fate as Sheila and Gerald. Priestley also uses Sheila and Gerald in the play to indicate divisions within the Birling household. Priestley uses the two characters to highlight the lack of trust between the family. The lack of distrust can be found in many instances such as when Sheila say so you be careful almost warning Gerald, as she seems to not believe his stories about what he was actually doing the summer when Gerald never came near her. This lack of trust is definitely a factor for downfall, and also is representative of the rest of the family and that there are lots of secrets hidden from everyone else that could cause havoc. Of course they eventually do as we know from act two and three where they all get blown into the open. As mentioned before, throughout act one Priestley creates tension between the views of the two generations. All this could easily become a very big factor towards the households downfall because if the family cannot function properly as a team, then there will be a distinct lack of unity. And we know (through dramatic irony) that in the rough times ahead, unity is one of the most important things to have. An example of tension between the older and younger generation comes at the dinner table when Eric says Yes, I know-but still- and his father, Birling replies Just let me finish Eric. This demonstrates Birlings tendency to dismiss any ideas or concepts which are foreign to him. A consequence of this is that after a while the younger generation may start to feel that they are being oppressed by their lack of a voice or opinion. Furthermore, with the household having only one point of view, Birlings, which we know through dramatic irony to be constantly wrong when he says people say wars inevitable fiddlesticks! and ignore pessimistic talk youll be marrying at a good time we can clearly see that the household is headed for downfall. Eric is described at the start of the play as half shy, half assertive and this is because of the way that Birling treats him. His constant dismissal of Erics opinions, and his refusal to start acknowledging him as a young adult and not as a child, pushes him away. When the inspector arrives at the house, Erics views which are not even considered by his father because they do not agree with his own are suddenly seen to be normal, and not an anomaly or misfit. Eric therefore sides with the inspector and also Sheila, on whom the inspectors views have had much the same effect. Their conflicting views are demonstrated often in act one, like when the inspector is questioning Birling about the way that Eva Smith was discharged from his mill. In response, Birling declaims that the girls that he pulls off the side of the street to work in his factory are just resources that he exploits as much as he can by paying them the lowest wages he possibly can. Sheila replies in an almost disgusted voice that theyre not resources to be exploited, theyre people. This shows that Birlings individualistic views which focus on almost nothing but self gain appall Sheila and she thinks his views wrong. This drives a wedge down Sheila and Birlings relationship and therefore emphasizes the lack of unity between the family as a whole. J.B. Priestly uses symbols to great effect in Act 1, for example when right at the start of the play when the family is seated at the dinner table. Towards the end of the night Birling and Gerald take a cigar and a cigarette. I feel that the smoke from them symbolizes a hazy vision, and a lack of being able to see what is about to come. Whilst they are both smoking, they are also drinking port and whisky. Both of the drinks are from a decanter, and if you look through a decanter, what you see on the other side is never what it really looks like in real life. Therefore, I think that the alcohol (and even the glassware that the alcohol is poured from) further symbolizes Birling and Geralds lack of foresight. Another symbol used is the lighting in the room. At the start of the play the lighting should be pink and intimate this represents the Birlings feelings of security in their home, even if it is a false sense of security. This false sense of security is underlined when the inspector arrives and the stage directions proclaim that it (the light) should be brighter and harder. This new brighter, harder light represents the light of truth which is set to expose the Birlings and what they have all done. So to conclude, I think that Priestley lays the foundations for an inevitable downfall right from the off. Priestleys use of Birling is the biggest contributor to the downfall of the household in my opinion as with such a fool at the head of the household something is bound to go wrong. The lack of unity is also another enormous factor, and tension between the household before the inspector even arrives is also another important factor but I think that the foundations are definitely laid in the first few pages of the script. There is a sense of downfall right from the beginning and in my opinion, Priestley makes it more of a case of when and how it will happen, rather than whether it actually will.

Pros and Cons of Obama Care Essay Example for Free

Pros and Cons of Obama Care Essay The Affordable Care Act withstood many trials on its way toward becoming reality, from epic congressional battles, to a pivotal Supreme Court ruling, to — finally — yesterdays Presidential election. Saul Loeb | AFP | Getty Images Obamas reelection means his health-care reform act has dodged its last bullet, and the age of universal mandates, penalty taxes and tax credits will almost certainly go into effect, although probably not exactly as scheduled on Jan. 1, 2014. What do you need to do to get your business ready? (Read more: Warby Parker CEO: Startups Focused on Health-Care Costs, Immigration Reform) Inc. put the question to health-care policy expert Henry J. Aaron, a senior fellow at Washington think tank Brookings Institution. Aaron offered three key ideas for entrepreneurs facing the enormous changes scheduled for health care during Obamas second term. 1. Weigh the Costs The key decision you will face is whether to sponsor a health-care plan, if you dont already have one, or to drop a policy you may have and leave employees to buy insurance on the exchanges themselves. The pros and cons of either route will depend on the size of your payroll, both in people and dollars. Do you have 50 or fewer employees? Then you arent subject to penalties for not providing an employee plan. On the flip side, helping employees pay for insurance affords tax advantages. If you have fewer than 25 full-timers on your payroll and their average pay is less than $50,000, the law affords you a tax credit of up to 35 percent for providing insurance today, rising to 50 percent in 2014. (Read more: Disaster Loans Soar as Businesses Struggle After Sandy) Theres a calculation to be done, said Aaron, if your employees are below the threshold (which tops out at 400 percent of the poverty line) for getting a federal subsidy to buy insurance on their own. In such a case, it might make sense to drop insurance and add the savings to your employees cash compensation. The question you should ask, Aaron said, is, If my employees are going to be eligible for subsidies, why should I leave that money on the table? If you have more than over 50 on staff, its a different story. If just one employee qualifies for insurance subsidies, and you dont provide insurance, that means tax penalties. 2. Check Your States Approach In theory, you should be able to buy insurance for your employees on the new health-insurance exchanges. However, states differ in how they plan to administer the exchanges. If youre running a small business, what prospects you face depend sensitively on where youre doing business, Aaron said. Some states, like Vermont, will take an active role, making sure a broad range of insurance plans will be available on the exchange. Many others leave it to the federal government to run the exchange for individuals and will leave employer-sponsored plans alone. The complexities are likely to create a mini-boom in the services of insurance brokers. Aaron suggest that you are likely to find them even more necessary than they are now in navigating the explosion in new options and rules. 3. Take Your Time Enrollment in the new health-care exchanges wont begin until October 2013 at the earliest. Legal requirements — and the accompanying fees for disobeying them — wont take effect until January 2014. Washington red tape probably could push those dates out even further into the future. Its a complicated bill, and its not drafted in a way to facilitate implementation, said Aaron. Delays could become inevitable and necessary. That might suit many business owners just fine.

Pollution Associated With Oil And Gas Production Environmental Sciences Essay

Pollution Associated With Oil And Gas Production Environmental Sciences Essay 1.1.1 Oil and gas production generally generates massive wealth for countries and contributes to the socio-economic development in the areas of foreign exchange earnings, provision of job opportunities, improved infrastructure, water supply, sewerage and waste treatment, health care and education, among others. Despite these economic and social benefits associated with the oil and gas industry, the exploitation of oil and gas reserves has not always been without some ecological side effects. Oil spills, damaged land, accidents and fires, and incidents of air and water pollution have all been recorded at various times and places. 1.1.2 The discussions that follow will seek to highlight the pollution associated with the various stages of the oil and gas production; and will discuss the wide range of approaches used by governments across the globe to regulate the attendant impact and pollution to the ecosystem. The discussion will also suggest an appropriate strategy to be adopted by the industry in order to achieve its overall goal of finding the right mix of regulatory, co-regulatory, incentives and voluntary mechanisms to meet the challenge of world energy demands, whilst minimising adverse impact on the environment by conforming to current good practice. The environmental impacts of the activities of the oil and gas industry exploration and exploitation, refining and products marketing have been of concern to government regulatory agencies, oil companies operators as well as the host communities. The potential for extensive and irreversible environmental and social damage from oil development projects is particularly acute in developing countries with inadequate regulatory frameworks or weak environmental and social legislation. The impacts of oil and gas operations generally occur in the form of human, socio-economic and cultural impacts, atmospheric impacts, aquatic and terrestrial impacts. Human, socio-economic and cultural impacts may include changes in land-use patterns, such as agriculture, fishing and hunting as direct consequence (for example, land-take and exclusion) or as a secondary consequence in the form of new access routes, leading to unplanned settlement and exploitation of natural resources. The impact could also result in changes in aesthetics because of unsightly or noisy facilities. It has been reported that in some places where oil is discovered, the economy develops rapidly, but it is an economy of misery.    Poorly built oil camps are carved out of the landscape and bring with them many social problems, such as forced displacement, alcoholism, sexually transmitted infections, and HIV/AIDs. Oil companies and governments regularly wash their hands of the communities mostly damaged by the oil development. In most instances, these communities are left on their own to try to determine how much and what kinds of harm the oil and gas industry has caused, and to search for ways to restore their communitys health. Protests by communities, often confrontational in nature, are the most eloquent testimonies of the resistance to the general pollution of the environment by the activities of oil companies. For example, in 1995, proposals by Shell to dispose of the Brent Spar oil storage facility provoked an extensive campaign of protests by activists from Greenpeace aimed at stopping Shell from dumping the Brent Spar in the North Sea. Spontaneous protests in support of Greenpeace and against Shell broke out across Europe, and eventually resulted in Shells eventual abandonment of plans to dump it deep in the Atlantic., Atmospheric pollution results from flaring, venting, and purging gases, fugitive gases from loading operations and tankage and losses from process equipment, combustion processes such as diesel engines and gas turbines. The main emission gases include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, volatile organic carbons and nitrogen oxides. Gas flaring exposes workers, communities, and wildlife to pollution with various health effects. The flares pollute the clouds, causing a black rain that poisons water sources. The Niger Delta in Nigeria is a typical example of a region adversely affected by the impact of oil and gas exploration and production. Pervasive gas flaring is one of the key factors that have worsened the environment of the Niger Delta, attracting concern from the international community. It has been reported that Nigeria has the Worlds highest level of gas flaring and flares about 16 per cent of the worlds associated gas. Aquatic pollution result from production water, spills and leakages, cooling water, process, wash and drainage water, drilling fluids, and chemicals used for well treatment. Oil is often spilled during transport through pipelines, trucks, and ships. When oil spills, it pollutes groundwater and waterways, harms plants and animals, and causes damage that may last for years to resources for hunting, fishing, and farming. Even once the oil appears to have dissipated, it can still lurk beneath the surface of beaches and the sea bed, severely affecting marine organisms that burrow, such as crabs, for literally decades. These burrowing creatures are also food for other animals, so the cycle of poisoning continues for many years. In addition to the impact on marine life, oil spills have a direct impact on humans too long after the initial media frenzy has died down. For example, some Alaskan communities were affected by the Exxon Valdez disaster of 1989 as important commercial fishing and hunting grounds were contaminated for an extended period. Tourism was also affected. Oil and gas operations also have potential impacts on vegetation and soils resulting from deforestation, disturbance due to construction activities, indirect impact due to social change and contamination resulting from spillage and leakage or solid waste disposal. During the course of exploration oil, forests are cut down and homes are destroyed. Roads are built, and streams and rivers are blocked up. Seismic testing damages homes, wildlife, and the land.    Oil drilling can cause fires, explosions, and other accidents that endanger workers and the community. For example, in 1988, the offshore platform Piper Alpha, which was located in the British sector of the North Sea oil field and operated by Occidental Petroleum, was engulfed in a catastrophic fire and resulted in the loss of 167 lives, costing billions of dollars in property damage, and the shutting down of approximately 10% of total UK gas production. The dumping of toxic water is also a major cause of pollution. Laws about drilling in wealthy countries require the toxic water to be put back into the ground rather than dumped on the surface.   Oil companies often do nothing more than dig a hole and dump in crude oil, drilling wastes, toxic water, and other wastes leading to the contamination of groundwater and land. Pollution at the refining stage results from refineries releasing toxic waste into water, soil, and air and this leads to various health risks. This pollution also adds to global warming. The decommissioning phase of oil and gas production, if unchecked, can also present environmental problems by the disposal of oil platforms into deep waters. The end result could be hundreds of rusting platforms, obsolete subsea infrastructure and disused pipelines running all the way to land. It is important to point out here that the impact on the environment of oil and gas exploration and production operations depends on the stage of the process, the size and complexity of the project, the nature and sensitivity of the surrounding environment, the effectiveness of the planning, pollution prevention, and mitigation control techniques. While some of these impacts can be said to be the result of unpredictable acts of God, the occurrence of some of these potentially devastating impacts often result from accumulation of errors and questionable decisions, most of which are rooted in the organization, its structure, procedures, and culture. These organizational factors include flaws in the design guidelines and design practices, misguided priorities in the management of the trade-off between productivity and safety, mistakes in the management of the personnel on board, and errors of judgment in the process by which financial pressures are applied on the production sector resulting in deficiencies in inspection and maintenance operations. The Piper Alpha accident of 1988 is one of the cases that can hardly be attributed to an act of God: gross human error greatly contributed to this accident. Notwithstanding the fact that the coincidence of the final events that triggered the catastrophe was not in itself controllable, the failure resulted essentially from an accumulation of management errors. In November 1990, Lord Cullens report into the disaster severely criticised safety procedures on the rig owned by Occidental Oil. The immediate cause of the disaster was a failure in the permit to work system which caused a breakdown in communications between the day shift and the night shift. This led to the use of machinery which was undergoing maintenance and caused the escape of gas from an insecurely fastened temporary flange. Thereafter, there appeared to be a series of failures and errors of judgment which contributed to the overall scale of the disaster. In the case of the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1998, the US National Transportation Safety Board ruled that drinking by the ships captain, a fatigued and overworked crew and inadequate traffic control by the Coast Guard all contributed to the enormous oil spill by the Exxon Valdez off the Alaskan coast in 1989. In another instance, the final Report by the Commission set up by US President Barack Obama to investigate the cause of the recent BP Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion on 20 April 2010 in which 11 workers were killed and led to an estimated four million barrels of oil gushing into the Gulf of Mexico (the National Oil Spill Commission) concluded, among others, that the explosive loss of the Macondo well could have been prevented ; and that the immediate causes of the Macondo well blowout can be traced to a series of identifiable mistakes made by BP, Halliburton, and Transocean that reveal such systematic failures in risk management that they place in doubt the safety culture of the entire industry.

Crime in society :: essays research papers

What is this world coming to? Our society is losing its authority. Why is there so much crime in society? There is so much because there are so many people that never consider the other person that they are stealing from or causing harm to. All of these people are self-centered and never think who they could be hurting but what they are going to gain from the crime whether it be happiness or self-respect they don’t think of the consequence or how the person on the other side of the crime feels. The reason why this is, is because the parents today are not cutting it. They are not teaching their children the difference between right and wrong. How come Aristotle says that society perfects human but yet no one is perfect? If our parents would take a little more responsibility with their children we wouldn’t have so much crime. Our parents are not putting enough restriction on the kids. There are letting them roam free because they feel guilty when their children complain and cry so they let them have their way. On a few cases the parents try their best but they still grow up to be some of the unfortunate cases that still commit crimes. These types of criminals are the ones that have an influence to commit crimes. Most of the time the main influence is peer pressure. Usually the person wants to fit in so he commits a crime thinking that he will be excepted. There are also very few cases of when the person grows up and unfortunately has a natural desire to break the rules. Fortunately this can be corrected from grammar school if caught early, if not it can lead to horrible consequences. If parents are lucky they can raise a normal child that will lead to a good life with much to gain from a few years of hard work to many years of happiness and feeling that you have completed your mission as a parent to raise a good child. I think what Aristotle is trying to say when he says that society perfects humans is that without society we would be farther away to perfection than we are now. I disagree with this because no matter what influence you have it is impossible to be perfect. Which means that society or government or anything else has nothing to do with the

English: Poetry Commentary Haven’t I Danced the Big Dance? By Jack Mapanje :: English Literature

English: Poetry Commentary Haven’t I Danced the Big Dance? By Jack Mapanje The poem ‘Haven’t I danced the big dance?’ by Jack Mapanje concerns the traditional rain dance of a proud tribesman. The modern representation of his dance that he sees today provokes this nostalgic and emotional response. The speaker, a formal tribal rain dancer, is thinking back to the time when he used to dance this traditional dance, and looking at the new generation, dancing only for show, with sadness. The poem is divided into three stanzas, the two first ones being dedicated to the past, when he was a dancer, and the last one to the present. The first stanza talks about the way he used to dance this traditional rain dance, in a circle around the drums, with amulets, anklets and snakes. The second stanza is insisting on the energy he put into this dance, on how good he was. The third stanza brings us to the present time, now that his daughters are doing the dance, more as an attraction for tourists than as a real tradition, and the speaker is not able to show them the real meaning of the dance. This rain dance is part of the speaker’s traditions, and he seems to be very attached to it. He remembers the way they danced it in the arena to the sound of the big drums. They used to wear special clothes and use specific accessories, ‘Skins wriggled with amulets Rattled with anklets’ to make the dance seem real and magical, at the same time. It had a real value for the speaker. However, this dance, in which he had put so much energy into when he was younger, ‘How I quaked the earth How my skin trembled How my neck peaked’ had not kept the same value. He talks about the way the new generation, his daughters’ generation, dances the dance now, and emphasised the lack of authenticity it has. He says they just wear ‘babble-idea-men-masks’, to make it look like a traditional rain dance to tourists, while it is not really. He compares the ‘mystic drums’ he used to dance to, with the ‘slack drums’ his daughters dance to now. Finally, he lets us understand he would like to show the new generation how the big dance is supposed to be danced, what its original value. However, this helplessness is not the only emotion felt in this poem. At the beginning, the speaker reminisces on the old days, his glory days, both with happiness and excitement and with sadness and regret. As he describes the different characteristics of the dance and the way

Reflection on The Use of Force Essay

The short story †The Use of Force† is a story which is narrated by a character, the doctor. The main character is a normal doctor which appreciates his job and is ready to fulfill his duty; to find out what his patient’s problems are. In the story, he seems to care allot about the child’s health. At one point, he gets mad because all his cooperation with the youngster is getting them nowhere. Anger starts to be felt in the doctor’s cabinet; this is when the patient will have to be forced to get examined by the doctor. The doctor in the story knows how to apprehend patients, he starts out smoothly with the girl, knowing that children usually respond with a good attitude if you are friendly with them. The doctor’s duty is to know exactly what you are sick of, which the girl, for unknown reasons didn’t want to be examined closely. She refused to admit she had a sore throat. The fact that her ignorance could kill her made the doctor insane, he then became more insistent about using physical force to help her out. Even though the doctor’s effort didn’t work, he knew that if he had the full support of her parents, they finally would come to an end with the problem. The doctor enjoyed the feeling of insane anger towards the child; it made him go through the hard struggle of opening the child’s mouth. The anger expressed by him was not directly linked to the girl, but to the situation, he did want to help out the ignorant, suffering girl from the sickness she was hiding. The two characters which bring an essence to the main goal of the story are the doctor and the child. The Doctor then finds pleasure in using force in diagnosing the unpleasant child, which happens to cause her pain. The child therefore, still is fighting back and will not abandon her cause. The child creates the turmoil without being conscious, she is being a painful patient and she is not able to tell whether what she does is good or wrong. It shows us that she is probably a spoiled and rebellious girl, who easily stands out when things aren’t what she wants. The doctor is also part of the undesired situation, he is a key element in the turmoil. He enjoys using force upon  the child to help her out, he wants to prove her she is wrong to act as such. The doctor feels no remorse’s of the actions he took for the child, all he seeks for is satisfaction by proving himself he is helping the young child. The use of force was needed to resolve the situation. It was necessary to have a proper diagnosis of her health to save her. What really came down to the use of force was that the doctor was determined to find out what troubled the parents of the child. It was also that she made him so angry about being stubborn and so hard to handle that he became more and more persistent. To conclude, both of the characters want to win a fight, with misconduct. The doctor is faced with a problem of self discipline and the young girl has a lack of obedience.

The effect of inadequate protection of migrants in the food

The research paper critically analyses the effect of inadequate protection for migrant workers in the food and beverage industry. The research identifies the lack of adequate shelter, anti-immigration laws and lack of basic citizen’s rights. A critical analysis of the data sources and methods applied is considered. The Literature review section highlights the work of other researchers with respect to the research question â€Å"What exactly does it mean to say that migrant workers lack adequate protection in the food and beverage industry† A further analysis on the methodology is conducted which includes: Evaluation of housing conditions, the impact of   staffing, animals salary and the â€Å"No- Match† analysis. The research paper is   then conducted by highlighting the fact that there are labor shortage in the industry, therefore there is an increased dependency on migrant workers. Despite this fact, migrant workers are left without good conditions of service and ultimately lack of adequate protection especially with the anti-immigration laws in place. The paper then concludes by proposing better rights and protection for migrant workers in the food and beverage industry. Purpose The purpose of this research is to critically assess and analyse the effect of inadequate protection of migrants in the food and beverage industry. Scope This research identifies the lack of housing, anti- immigration laws and basic citizen’s rights in the food and beverage industry. Data, sources and Methods applied. An assessment of the housing conditions of the migrants was evaluated. The Sonoma and Napa counties of California was studied. The total numbers of the combined work force was determined and thereafter the percentage and number of migrants that have a shelter was then evaluated. A survey of the impact of staffing and plant services as a result of anti-immigrant laws was carried out. Annual salary and the job satisfaction was surveyed among the migrants. Finally, the use of the â€Å"NO -MATCH† data in the enforcement of immigration laws evaluated to show the effect of incorrect earning and information of migrant workers in the food and beverage industry. Limitations Certain limitations were encountered in this research. The effect of improper medical service and due compensation have not be considered in detail due to the lack of relevant data. LITERATURE REVIEW Robert Mondavi has often mentioned, â€Å" California has the soils and climate. California along with Australia, has led the wine world in technical advance in the winery and now in the vineyard- although there is still work to be done there. California can compete with other wine producing regions at almost every price level. From $5 a bottle to $100- plus,†Ã‚   (Mondavi, October 2002). Over the pact fifty years, national surveys of Americans   (NORC 1947,1972-98; Harris 1973,1981) Shows consistently that California has one advantages over the competition: the vineyard workers. There isn’t another vine growing region that workers with the worth ethnic the ability to rapidly learn necessary skills and the joy of life that California has with its Mexican and other Latin American field workers. They are an asset that can hardly be measured in dollars. The Sonoma and Napa counties alone have a combined harvest workforce of 16,000. there are only a few hundred beds for migrants on the entire North coast workers sleep in churches, crawled into single rooms, under bridges and wherever they can find room for a blanket. The vineyard workers, both migrants and permanent, documented and undocumented, are the most precious commodity California vine growers have. (FirstenFeld, 2002). Amelia Morgan Ceja put it well (Morgan, A.C., 2002) when she said that without the Mexican workers, there would be no California wine industry. The workers are responsible adults, supporting familiar back in Mexico. They deserve to be treated as such and allowed  the refreshment and relaxation that comes from a cold or (why not?) a glass or two of wine. It is bitterly ironic that wine generous should enforce prohibition on their own workers. Over the past two decades researches have increasingly investigated the determinant of the effect of larger staff (Kearl, Harris 1981) on the food and beverage industry. They postulated that the larger the staff and the better the welfare, the more efficient and productive the industry becomes. Requests for supplementary personnel were followed by wishers for more communication and better directions, better or updated equipment and computer technologies, more training and the availability of proper resources. While doing more with less has been an issue for years in most industrial especially the food and beverage (Harper, February 2004), pending anti-immigrants laws may have a huge impact on the operating efficiency and staffing in industry. When asked to described what, if any impact on staffing and plant services might occur as a result of anti-emigrants laws, Nancy Cruzan, stated that â€Å"one hundred percent of plant hourly workers are migrants, so we would be grateful affected by anti-emigrants labor initiatives (Cruzan, 2004). However, some researchers are more optimistic. â€Å"Industry will experience a period of labor shortage, but these problems will diminish over time as the migrants work force learns the proper process to gain employment† (Doyle, 2005) and â€Å"It should improve staffing by providing a system to get manual labor to do unskilled job through a documented controlled process. â€Å" (Doyle, 2005 Accordingly to Joy LePree, food and beverage workers find their jobs satisfying, but say there’s room for improvement ( LePree, December 1, 2006) Peter Wellington, a wine maker wrote a letter decrying the treatment received by the migrants workers He stated â€Å" This is not a problem of illegal immigrants, it’s a problem of homeless immigrants that creates a problem both for the community and the workers who don’t have decent facilities, (Wellington 1991). He relates â€Å"If you’re going to go out and pick group 10hours a day and have to cook over an open fire and not have a toilet or a place to take a shower or a dry place to sleep when it rains, that’s in human† In mainland China, there is and enormous floating population moving into the industrial towns cities. Their hands have helped build the cities high-rises, and their blood and sweat has paved the enter-city highways. The toil over 10 hours a day producing a range of goods in the manufactureing industry. Let they do not even have basic citizens rights. (Chen K.K, 2002). Migrants workers may be workers, but the industry in only interested in exploring their most productive years. They are not given adequate shelter, not insured against unemployment or old age, they are still denied pensions overtime pay, and working hours may as well not exist. Underlying every theory in the issue of inadequate protection. What exactly does it mean to say that migrant workers lack adequate protection in the food and beverage industry?. This is because migrant workers constitute the majority work force and are essential to the growth of the industry. They lack adequate protection, yet they are indispensable. METHODOLOGY Evaluation of housing conditions. An evaluation of the housing conditions of the migrants workers was conducted. The study considered the case of Sonoma and Napa countier of California. The total number of the combined workforce is 16,000. Only 500 beds are for migrants workers on the entire North cost. Workers sleep in churches, crowed into single rooms, under bridge and wherever they can find room for a blanket. Impact of staffing As surveying was carried out on the impact of staffing and plant service as a result of anti-immigration laws. Some of the employers in the industry were 100% of the result showered that â€Å"immigrants. This could lead to a huge effect on the productivity in the food and beverage sector. Another 50% of the work force could be lost. Still, others fear it would shut down operations entirely. However, some were more optimistic that the industry will this problem will diminish over time as the migrant workforce learns the proper process to gain employment. Immigration issues ranked among the top five most important workplace issues companies face today. When respondents were asked in a open ended question about the most important workplace issues faced today, safety was cited most often retaining trained staff and a qualified workplace was the second most significant issue with competition and the labor shortage tying third, communications ranked fourth and finally, immigrants taking fifth place. Annual Salary The annual salary of migrants workers shows that 90% of migrants workers are under paid, 10% still make good money ($75-$100) a ton). Most of them come back year after year. Job satisfaction in good but can be better No- Match data The use of SSA’s â€Å" No-match data with respect to immigration laws was analysed. A survey shows that employers used the same SSN for as many as 10 different workers in the same tax year as many as 308 times over a 16-year period studied. The result showed that employers used the same SSN for more than 100 earnings reports. Employers most frequently associated with incorrect earnings reports belonged to industry groups historically known to employ illegal immigrants such as agriculture, food and beverage industry. Employers in these industries are most likely to file earnings reports with incorrect information. CONCLUSION For decades, the most labor-intensive sectors of American agriculture have been dependent on alien workers to meet basic workforce needs. In recent years almost all sectors have dealt with labor shortage by employing alien workers. The food and beverage industry is no exception. Unfortunately, these migrant workers are given inadequate protection in terms of housing wages pension and anti-immigration laws. Despite the fact that the contribution of these workers in the industry cannot be quantified, they are not given better conditions of service. Better rights for alien workers is therefore proposed. References REFERENCES 1.Chen K. K, 2002,† Unprotected Migrant workers†. Wines and vines Publishers 2.Cruzan, 2004, â€Å"Effect of anti- immigrant laws†. Evans Publishers. 3.Doyle, 2005, : â€Å"Labor Shortage and the Food Industry†. Chicago Press. 4.Firstenfeld, 2002, â€Å" What Wine Growers Have†. Heineman Publishers 5.Harper, February 2004, â€Å"Alien workers and anti- immigrant laws â€Å" Wines Vines. 6.Kearl; Harris 1981, â€Å" Adequate Compensation for Migrants workers† New York Press. 7. Le Pree December 1, 2006, â€Å"The joy of Food and Beverage workers†. Mcgraw hill Press 8. Mondavi R, October 2002, â€Å" working in wine and vines†. New York Press. 9. Morgan. A. C, 2002 â€Å"California’s secret Weapon†, Wines and Vines Publishers. 10.   NORC, 1947, 1972-79, Harris 1973, 1981, â€Å" National Survey of Americans†. New York Press. 11.Wellington 1991, â€Å" Treatment received by Migrant Workers†. Retrieved the pick of the crop.            

Lean Management in a Salon

1. 0. About the organization Yellow Nails Salon is a privately run business which specializes in nail care and started off as a nail-bar 5 years ago. It is a small setup with 10 service staff, one main work floor, 2 treatment rooms, a storeroom, a pantry and a restroom. The owner visits the salon every day for a couple of hours to keep an eye on the over-all running of the salon and to ensure work is being done up to the standard. The salon services about 20 customers on weekdays and up to 40 customers on weekends/peak seasons, and receives about 20% turn-away customers daily. . 1. Main products and services The core services provided by the salon are different types of manicures and pedicures. Since 2010 the salon has grown in popularity and seen a demand from regular clients to offer more varied services, so hair treatments, massage services, hair removal and specialized facials have been introduced. The salon also stocks nail polishes which the customers can purchase. 1. 2. The cu stomers The client base consists of women from low to mid-income families residing in the area.These are women that like the convenience of having a salon close by that they can visit regularly and pamper themselves, yet not blow a hole in their pockets by doing so. A lot of the customers treat their salon time as a requirement rather than an indulgence and slot it in as a job in their busy schedules. 1. 3. Order qualifiers and order winners for the company The order winners for the salon are the prices offered along with the decor and environment.There are no other salons in the area with a matching stylish interior while offering similar competitive rates. Any salons that offer this type of ambience will be too pricey, and those that are not, will not have the same sort of interiors. The order qualifiers are the experience of the staff, the services offered and the location. 2. 0. Challenges One of the biggest challenges faced by the business is that a lot of customers have to be turned away because the salon is unable to accommodate them in several ways.While a lot of similar salons thrive on new and walk-in customers, in Yellow Nails, unless you have pre planned the visit and booked, you will not be attended to, even if is it a case of adding an extra treatment during your visit. Appointments are made and not kept, yet the staff is obligated to sit idle until the customer arrives and turn away walk-in customers. Another major problem is that a lot of time is taken up by each customer alone as a single specialist attends to a customer at a time, while other staff waits for their booking to arrive.There have been occasions when it has been witnessed that some roll-on wax has been thrown away because it has dried up so the attendant has had to open a new case, which is also the case with other beauty products. Seemingly, there is quite a bit of wastage due to old stock being kept. Another issue seems to be that though the staff is very friendly and their work is of a high standard, the space around them is not very organized, resulting in longer waiting time for the customer, even between services.Along with these challenges, the cost of operations is high, as the owner gets the spa products from Switzerland which she visits periodically and stocks up on her visit and has also invested heavily in treatment machines, which require regular maintenance. These factors show that it is quite important for the business to structure its operations more effectively in order to generate more desirable profits. 2. 1. Evidence Having been to the salon many times and witnessing the problems on a first-hand basis, there is no doubt that the problems observed do truly exist.Many businesses have challenges which are buried under a shiny exterior, but when the customer starts facing it directly, you know it’s an issue that needs to be dealt with immediately, possibly more critically in a service-based company. 2. 2. Effects on the Business While the salon is making sufficient revenue, it is losing out on prospective business because the jobs are not streamlined effectively. Having spoken to the manager of the salon about how the business is performing, she said it is doing quite well and they are making â€Å"good money†.On the slightly negative side, she went on to say that they are unable to hire any more staff because they don’t have space to accommodate more customers at one time and the owner had no intention to expand the space. What was perceived from the discussion was that they do recognize that a lot of customers have to be turned away due to which they are losing potential business, and that the owner is interested in hiring more girls in order to boost profit but is unable to, and she doesn’t think there is any other solution to this problem.The obvious answer, as per the owner, is that more staff equals more customers, which means more revenue. ? 3. 0. Lean implementation in the service sec tor Traditionally, Lean practices have been largely associated with the manufacturing industry, with literature and methods of implementation being more accessible in that particular sector. We therefore look at the research of several authors that discuss how lean can be applied in service industries and the factors that need to be focused on in order to be able to do so.We also look at the different frameworks of lean that makes it a recommended approach. 3. 1. Literature Review The term Lean management has first been used in the book The Machine That Changed the World by Womack, Jones and Roos (1990), describing the fundamentals of the Toyota production system as lean production (Coote and Gould, 2006). Following on from which, Coote and Gould’s (2006) literature talks about lean as a concept that has come to mean different things to different people, from claiming that most view it as a collaboration of efficiency and low cost which they depict as being a narrow view.They provide a more wholesome definition describing it as ‘delivering customer value without waste’. As businesses tend to place a high importance to their customers, it would be inevitable that a concept with a large focus on that factor would be adopted, although one would question whether the approach is only fit for a manufacturing company. Abdi et al (2006) state that lean can be applied to service sectors and that there are similarities and differences in adopting the approach from a service point of view.Their literature discusses five different principles from the works of Womack and Jones (1996) and how these lean manufacturing principles can be applied to the service sector, which includes specifying value by service, indentifying the service value stream, making the service flow, supplying at the pull of the customer and implementing the pursuit of perfection and in order to apply these principles, they place the human element as a crucial variable in the service s sector.Another piece of literature, researched by Bonaccorsi et al (2011), concludes that lean thinking has the potentialities to be implemented in the service industry as an effective way to cut costs and increase customer satisfaction. They emphasize that applying lean to service is challenging which is why lean concepts must often be redefined in a proper way, and to solve this, the concept Service Value Stream Management (SVSM) has been developed.This approach is flexible in nature and can be applied to a wide range of cases, including Yellow Nails salon, wherein the principles of lean need to be tailored to the requirements of that particular sector. As SVSM is claimed to be flexible and used functionally as a general guide, there should be no complications to develop a true lean service via its implementation. Piercy and Rich’s (2009) research findings highlight that through the adoption of lean service tools, service business can serve the traditionally competing pri orities both of operational cost reduction and of increased customer service quality.The lean approach is validated in the service context and proposed as a valuable addition to traditional service marketing approaches to services improvement. In their paper, they present the data on the implementation of lean process approaches in the call centre context highlighting rapid improvements such as value identification, process/value stream mapping, and removal of barriers to flow value to the customer. An empirical study by Alsmadi et al (2012), analyzes the differences in the relationship between lean practices and firm performance in the UK manufacturing and service sectors.Although lean practices have been successfully implemented in many manufacturing cases, their effect on firm performance in both manufacturing and service sectors is still limited. First, the empirical findings in both sectors suggest that Lean practices are positively associated with firms’ performance and the degree of impact on performance is also identical between the two sectors, therefore their study supports the positive argument concerning the applicability of Lean practices in service firms and their potential effect on performance.The results also suggested that soft Lean practices related to customer and HR management in the service sector was performing highly which is why it is essential, as stated by other authors, that Lean practices need to be distilled and tailored to the specific features of the sector. Once the idea of lean principles has been accepted that is can be implemented by a service based company, it would be important to focus on the specific internal implementation techniques, wherein Malayeff (2006) attempts to provide insight into the management of an internal service system derived from a perspective of Lean management.He claims this would exist within professional service units of development, engineering, information technology, human resources and c onsumer affairs. In the case of Yellow Nails salon, the focus would be on the HR and consumer functions.. Malayeff’s (2006) study stated that internal service systems have numerous common structural characteristics including the importance of information, process flows across functions, many hand-offs of information, hidden costs and benefits and no explicit motivation for urgency.The wasteful activities can be classified into seven groups: delays reviews, mistakes, duplication, movement, processing inefficiencies and resource inefficiencies, and he found that the most common problems included a lack of standard procedures, long service times, communication breakdowns and poor personnel management, out of which all but communication breakdowns are issues that Yellow Nails salon can be seen as a victim of. Draghichi and Petcu (2011) also propose Lean Six Sigma as a strong leadership approach for improving management rocesses, while reducing errors which can in turn help both t he organization and its employees do things quicker and better through quality principles, resulting in improvements at all service organization levels Bortolotti and Romano (2012) developed a framework based on a study they conducted wherein they found that the automation of a process that is not streamlined can generate problems that can slow down the flow of work and increase errors. They state that a process should first be mapped to highlight waste and only when the new process is streamlined, can it actually be automated.They go on to say that by doing so, the new process will automate only value-added activities recognized by the customers which we will touch upon in more detail for Yellow Nails salon in section 4. 3. 2. Recommendations Though the authors state that through tailored concepts being applied to service sectors, lean can be effectively employed, it is important for authors in the field to depict more focused principles relating to lean practices for a full servic e based business, which seems to be missing. 4. 0. Project Plan for Lean ImplementationIn order to fix the problems that the business is facing, I would propose a new business model incorporating a lean approach. Lean focuses on elimination of waste (Slack et al, 2010) and the following are some of the Muda, or non-value adding work for the customer that can be eliminated with the suggested operational implementations. 4. 1. Reducing waiting time Yellow Nails Salon will benefit from eradicating the appointment system that they are currently enforcing, which in fact ties up the service slot, even if the customer is late due to the business’ policy that could be given to a walk-in customer.Management should instead implement job cards with a list of what treatments the customer wants with service being given on a first-come-first-serve basis. This will allow the business to maximize the number of customers they are taking on daily, not turn any customers away and eventually cut down on the waiting time of the customer. 4. 2. Full utilization of Human Resources Currently, the staff is not being utilized to their maximum capability so it would be beneficial to the business to reorganize the way the service staff is taking on workload.A full utilization of all staff at all times approach should be set into place, so if there is one customer and two staff members available, they should both attend to the client to speed up the service where possible . This would essentially free up 50% of the client’s time in the salon, which no doubt will be give them better value for money. The improved efficiencies can be highlighted by illustrating this using Value Stream Mapping. 4. 2. 1 Value Stream Mapping Value stream mapping focuses on value-adding activities and distinguishes between value-adding and non-value-adding activities (Slack et al, 2010).The following is a simplified version showing the value added activities for a customer at the salon and highligh ts the waiting time as the ‘waste’ which should be eliminated. Example of customer x – Requirement: Manicure, Haircut & Waxing It can be seen that with the current means of operations, a customer with the mentioned requirements will be at the salon for three hours and fifteen minutes, whereas by employing lean practices, their time can be cut down by a full hour and fifteen minutes. 4. 3. JIT implementation for beauty productsThough the owner may view it as a major set-back, it would be an intelligent decision to acquire a local supplier that can provide good quality products that the salon can order in smaller batches when required, rather than purchasing excellent quality products in large quantities, keep the stock in storage over long periods of time and throw a large portion of it away due to it being spoilt.. By introducing JIT, the salon can keep customers happy as well as combat avoidable costs. 4. 4. 5S principles implementationAnother factor that can im prove customer service provided at the salon would be to reorganize the workspace by adopting the 5S lean implementation framework which would help the staff operate in a more orderly manner. The staff is directly customer facing so there is not a lot of scope to waste time locating the required goods to service the customer. 5. 0. Conclusion To conclude, though the business is currently at a good stable position in the market with a loyal customer base, there is scope for growth in terms of increased profits and new business which can only be enjoyed by Yellow Nails if it implements lean practices.The challenges which are currently faced comprising of turning away customers, long waiting time and wastage of stock can all be solved by incorporating the 5 principles of lean thinking, which include focusing on value of the customer, appreciating the value stream, concentrating on improved flow and perfecting quality. The business possesses some very strong attributes wherein some lean values can already be found such as the pull factor as staff is flexible in fulfilling customer requirement, and additional care is given to quality of service.However, there is still a gap in the model which is not allowing the business to perform at its full potential, and by tapping in to this area, going forward, Yellow Nails will be able to see substantial improvements. ? 6. 0. References †¢Abdi, F. et al. (2006) Glean Lean: How to use Lean approach in service industries?. Journal of Services Research, 6 p. 191-206. †¢Alsmadi, M. et al. (2012) A comparative analysis of Lean practices and performance in the UK manufacturing and service sector firms. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 23 (4), p. 81-396. †¢Bonaccorsi, A. et al. (2011) Service Value Stream Management (SVSM): Developing Lean Thinking in the Service Industry. Journal of Service Science and Management, 4 p. 428-439. †¢Bortolotti, T. and Romano, P. (2013) ‘Lean first, then automa te': a framework for process improvement in pure service companies. Production Planning & Control: The Management of Operations, 23 (7), p. 513-522. †¢Coote, P. and Gould, S. (2006) Technical Matters – Lean Management. Financial Management, p. 31-34 †¢Draghici, M. and Jenica Petcu, A. 2011) Knowledge Transfer – The Key to Drive Innovation for Service Organizations Excellence. Journal of Knowledge Management, Economics and Information Technology, (4), p. 44-53. †¢Maleyeff, J. (2006) Exploration of internal service systems using lean principles. Management Decision, 44 (5), p. 674-689. †¢Piercy, N. and Rich, N. (2009) High quality and low cost: the lean service centre. European Journal of Marketing, 43 (11/12), p. 1477-1497. †¢Slack, N. et al. (2011) Essentials of Operations Management. Harlow: Prentice Hall Financial Times, p. 1-318.